1. End Show Slide 1 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

2. End Show Slide 2 of 34 THINK ABOUT IT Living things are made up of chemical compounds, but chemistry isn’t just what life is made of—chemistry is also what life does. Everything that happens in an organism—its growth, its interaction with the environment, its reproduction, and even its movement—is based on chemical reactions. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 3 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals by changing the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. This can occur slowly, like the formation of rust, or quickly, like an explosion.

4. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 4 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Reactions The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as reactants. A and B (below) are reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as products. C and D are products. A + B  C + D

5. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 5 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Reactions What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?

6. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 6 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.

7. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 7 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken. Because chemical reactions involve breaking and forming bonds, they involve changes in energy.

8. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 8 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur?

9. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 9 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions Energy Changes Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.

10. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 10 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions When hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen to produce water vapor, it is an energy-releasing reaction in which energy is given off as heat (and maybe sound and light). 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O + energy Reversing this reaction would require the addition of large amounts of energy, so it will not occur spontaneously.

11. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 11 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions In order to stay alive, organisms need to carry out reactions that require energy. Every organism must have a source of energy to carry out chemical reactions. Plants get their energy from the sun. Animals get their energy from eating plants or other animals. The energy needed to grow, breathe, think, and even dream is released through the chemical reactions that occur when we metabolize, or break down, digested food.

12. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 12 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions Activation Energy All reactions, ones that release energy AND ones that require energy, need an input of energy to get started. Chemists call this energy the activation energy.

13. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 13 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions The difference between the required energy and the energy of the reactants is the activation energy.

14. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 14 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Some chemical reactions that make life possible are too slow or have activation energies that are too high to make them practical for living tissue. These chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Catalysts work by lowering a reaction's activation energy.

15. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 15 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Why are enzymes important to living things?

16. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 16 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Enzymes act by lowering the activation energy.

17. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 17 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Lowering the activation energy has a dramatic effect on how quickly the reaction is completed.

18. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 18 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Enzymes are very specific, generally catalyzing only one chemical reaction. For this reason, part of an enzyme’s name is usually derived from the reaction it catalyzes. For example, lipases are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of lipids.

19. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 19 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action For a chemical reaction to take place, the reactants must collide with enough energy so that existing bonds will be broken and new bonds will be formed. If reactants do not have enough activation energy, no reaction will take place.

20. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 20 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action The Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react, reducing the energy needed for reaction. The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions have a special name. They are known as substrates.

21. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 21 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action For example, A. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase converts the substrates carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ). See pg. 52, Fig. 2-22. The fit is so precise that the active site of the enzyme and the substrates are often compared to a lock and key.

22. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 22 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action B. The enzyme and substrates remain bound together until the reaction is done and the substrates are converted to products. C. The products of the reaction are released and the enzyme is free to start the process again.

23. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 23 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action An Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction

24. End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 24 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action Regulation of Enzyme Activity Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules are all factors that can affect the activity of enzymes. Enzymes work best at certain pH values. Many enzymes are affected by changes in temperature. The activities of most enzymes are regulated by molecules that carry chemical signals within cells, switching enzymes “on” or “off” as needed.

25. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 25 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–4

26. End Show Slide 26 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–4 The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as a.reactants. b.enzymes. c.products. d.waste.

27. End Show Slide 27 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–4 Chemical reactions always involve a.changes in energy. b.enzymes. c.catalysts. d.changes in the atomic number of the reactants.

28. End Show Slide 28 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–4 The factor that prevents many energy-releasing reactions from occurring at relatively low temperatures is called a.catalytic energy. b.chemical bond energy. c.enzyme energy. d.activation energy.

29. End Show Slide 29 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–4 Which of the following statements is true? a.All proteins are enzymes. b.All catalysts are enzymes. c.All enzymes are catalysts. d.All catalysts are proteins.

30. End Show Slide 30 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–4 What happens to an enzyme after the reaction it catalyzes has taken place? a.The enzyme is destroyed, and the cell must make another. b.The enzyme holds on to the product until another enzyme removes it. c.The enzyme is unchanged and ready to accept substrate molecules. d.The enzyme changes shape so it can accept a different kind of substrate.

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