1. CSCI 370 CSCI-370 C omputer Networks: Shrinking the globe one click at a time Lecture 1 Khurram Kazi

2. CSCI 370 2 Major sources of the slides for this lecture  Some of the Slides used in this lecture are from Tanenbaum’s and William Stallings’ websites  K. Kazi Optical Networking Standards: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals  Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie, Computer Networks: A Systems Approach

3. Course Outline  This course provides an introduction to the fundamentals and the applications of data communications networks. Network architectures, topology, protocols, network services and models will be discussed. Some of the protocols the course will cover are:  Protocols based on Internet Protocol (IP) (Layer 3 and above)  Routing fundamentals and protocols within IP Network (Layer 3 and above)  Ethernet (10/100 Mb/s, 1/10/100(??) Gb/s Ethernet) (LAN, Metro and Wide Area Networks)  Synchronous Optical Networks (SONET) (Wide Area Network)  Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) (Wide Area Network)  MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) (Layer 2.5)  Switching and routing architectures will be presented (Hardware/Software implementation architectures)  Time permitting we will cover some aspects of Cellular Networking and Next Generation Network Architecture (NGN) (Time permitting)  Services provided by various networks (Time permitting)  Network Security (Time permitting)  OPNET (a premier network simulator) maybe be used in simulating various aspects of networking concepts. K KaziCSCI 370 3

4. K KaziCSCI 370 4 Grading Policy  Assignments & short quizzes 30%  1 Midterm Test 30%  Final Project 40%  Final Projects will be in any topic of interest within the Data Networking field  There will be an Oral presentation of the project along with a written report  Class participation can sway the grade (so highly encouraged, don’t be shy to ASK questions)  You are expected to write programs for various the assignments and the Final Project  NYIT’s Academic Integrity policy will be strictly enforced. Any student found to be cheating (in the assignments, quizzes, Midterm etc.) will get a straight “F”

5. Do’s and Don’ts for the Final Project  DO NOT use any report / design from the net. I will know if you did!!  Properly referenced work that is not plagiarized is acceptable  Most of it should be your work!!  Select the topic that interests you. Be creative in it ! Designing some aspect in software or hardware will be highly encouraged as opposed to doing an overview/report on some networking technology  By mid semester have a good idea of your project  Team of 2 students working on the same project is allowed.  Each team member’s task within the project should be explicitly defined. K KaziCSCI 370 5

6. Intended Results at the Culmination of the Course  You should have a good understanding of networking technologies  Should be able to architecturally design various components of the diverse networks  Design of a router/switching Network Element  Protocol Handling/protocol stacks  Routing and switching  Have a good understanding of various WAN/MAN/LAN Technologies  Ability to figure out which aspect is implemented in hardware and what is designed in the software K KaziCSCI 370 6

7. Books  Primary Book:  The Internet and Its Protocols; A Comparative Approach, Adrian Farrel, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2004, ISBN 1-55860-913-X  Recommended Textbooks:  1) Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie, 4 th Edition, Morgan Kaugmann, 2007  2) Computer Networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003, ISBN 0-13-066102-3  3) Internetworking with TCP/IP Principles, Protocols, and Architectures, Douglas Comer, 4th Edition, Volume 1, Prentice Hall, 2000, ISBN 0-13-018380-6  4) Optical Networking Standards: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals, edited by Khurram Kazi, Springer, 2006, ISBN 0-387- 24062-4 K KaziCSCI 370 7

8. Useful websites  Tanenbaum’s website at Prentice Hall  http://authors.phptr.com/tanenbaumcn4  William Stalling’s (Another good text book on data and computer networks) Website  http://www.williamstallings.com/DCC/DCC8e.html  Standards Organizations and Industry Forums  Internet Engineering Task Force  http://www.ietf.org  MetroEthernet Forum  http://metroethernetforum.org  International Telecommunication Union (ITU): The leading United Nations agency for information and communication technologies  http://www.itu.int  IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) LAN/MAN Standards Committee  http://www.ieee802.org  OPNET (Network simulator)  www.opnet.com K KaziCSCI 370 8

9. ITU  Main sectors Radiocommunications Telecommunications Standardization Development  Classes of Members National governments Sector members Associate members Regulatory agencies K KaziCSCI 370 9

10. IETF  The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. It is open to any interested individual. The IETF Mission Statement is documented in RFC3935. K KaziCSCI 370 10

11. IEEE 802 Standards The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with  are hibernating. The one marked with † gave up. K KaziCSCI 370 11

12. Implication of the Designs we work on; keep few things in mind!  During the design process we always make trade-offs  Trade-offs can be based on time to market, cost implications, complexity, environmental considerations etc.  Ethics: Keep in mind the implications of what you are designing, how it impacts the society!!  Privacy vs. Security is a big issue in networking  Network designs inherently deal with  Implementing of standardized solutions based on regional or global standards developed by industry forums or international standards organizations  Power consumption considerations: Making the Designs Green; Environmental friendly!! Especially true for Data Centers  IEEE 802.3AZ working group actively working on defining Energy Efficient Ethernet PHY specification  Cost/performance trade-offs K KaziCSCI 370 12

13. Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy K KaziCSCI 370 13

14. Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy K KaziCSCI 370 14

15. Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy K KaziCSCI 370 15

16. Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy K KaziCSCI 370 16

17. Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy K KaziCSCI 370 17

18. Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy K KaziCSCI 370 18

19. Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy K KaziCSCI 370 19

20. Efforts within IEEE 802.3AZ work Group to Conserve Energy K KaziCSCI 370 20

21. Methods to Save Energy  Reduce Link Rate  Can (and does) save energy  Some NICs drop link rate when a laptop is battery powered  – Or, when a PC goes into sleep state  Turns-off PHY if no signal on link  Match the link rate to utilization  High utilization = high link rate  Low utilization = low link rate  Currently implemented using auto- negotiation  Set the Technology ability bits/message codes and then reset the link  Takes about 1000 milliseconds (a loooooooong time K KaziCSCI 370 21

22. Methods to Save Energy  Need for fast transitions  Can extend the benefits of link data rate reduction  By making the data rate transition faster  Need a faster way than auto-negotiation  When I need high data rate, I need it now  Can’t advertise the desire to change to a higher speed  Need a mechanism that is transparent to upper layers  Need a standard mechanism to rapidly transition:  From low to high data rate  From high to low data rate  Within the capabilities established by Auto Negotiation  IEEE Working Group 802.3AZ is working on the Energy Efficient Ethernet PHY specification K KaziCSCI 370 22

23. Uses of Computer Networks Business Applications Home Applications Mobile Users Social Issues K KaziCSCI 370 23

24. Business Applications of Networks K KaziCSCI 370 24

25. Business Applications of Networks (2)  The client-server model involves requests and replies. K KaziCSCI 370 25

26. Home Network Applications  Access to remote information  Person-to-person communication  Interactive entertainment  Electronic commerce K KaziCSCI 370 26

27. Home Network Applications (2)  In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers. K KaziCSCI 370 27

28. Network Applications  Some forms of e-commerce. K KaziCSCI 370 28

29. Types of Network  Metropolitan Area Networks  Local Area Networks  Wide Area Networks  Cellular Networks  Wireless Networks (could be Broadband Networks or LANs)  Home Networks  Internetworks K KaziCSCI 370 29

30. Network classification based on distances  Classification of interconnected processors by scale. K KaziCSCI 370 30

31. Fuzzy Networking Demarcation Points K KaziCSCI 370 31

32. Communications Tasks Transmission system utilizationAddressing InterfacingRouting Signal generationRecovery SynchronizationMessage formatting Exchange managementSecurity Error detection and correctionNetwork management Flow control K KaziCSCI 370 32

33. A Communications Model or cable/DSL modem or cable network K KaziCSCI 370 33

34. Data Communications Model K KaziCSCI 370 34

35. Transmission Medium  Selection is a basic choice  internal use entirely up to business  long-distance links made by carrier  Rapid technology advances change/mix various transmission medium  fiber optic  Copper Cable (still alive and widely used)  Wireless (microwaves, satellite, light waves, cellular etc.)  Transmission costs still high (but decreasing as time progresses)  Hence interest in efficiency improvements (never ending so to speak!) K KaziCSCI 370 35

36. Some of the Drivers for Innovative Networking Technologies  Growth of number & power of computers is driving need for interconnection  also seeing rapid integration of voice, data, image & video technologies  Voice over IP  IPTV  Traditional net connectivity for data transmissions K KaziCSCI 370 36

37. Types of Networks: Wide Area Networks  Span a large geographical area  Cross public rights of way  Rely in part on common carrier circuits  Technologies used include:  circuit switching  packet switching (IP or MPLS based)  Ethernet based transport  Legacy Technologies  frame relay  Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) K KaziCSCI 370 37

38. Types of Networks: Wide Area Network K KaziCSCI 370 38

39.  Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet. Types of Networks: Wide Area Network K KaziCSCI 370 39

40. Types of Networks: Wide Area Network  A stream of packets from sender to receiver. K KaziCSCI 370 40

41. Circuit Switching  Uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation  Comprising a sequence of physical links with a dedicated logical channel  e.g. telephone network K KaziCSCI 370 41

42. Packet Switching  Data sent out of sequence over diverse paths  Small chunks (packets) of data at a time  Packets passed from node to node between source and destination  Used for terminal to computer and computer to computer communications K KaziCSCI 370 42

43. Types of Networks: Metro Area Network (MAN)  MAN  Middle ground between LAN and WAN  Private or public network  High speed  Large area K KaziCSCI 370 43

44. Types of Networks: Metro Area Network K KaziCSCI 370 44

45. Types of Networks: Metro Area Network  A metropolitan area network based on cable/Satellite service providers. K KaziCSCI 370 45

46. Types of Networks: Local Area Networks  Smaller scope  Building or small campus  Usually owned by same organization as attached devices  Data rates much higher  Switched LANs, e.g. Ethernet  Wireless LANs K KaziCSCI 370 46

47. Types of Networks: Local Area Networks  Two broadcast networks  (a) Bus  (b) Ring K KaziCSCI 370 47

48. Types of Networks: Wireless Networks  Categories of wireless networks:  System interconnection  Wireless LANs (WiFi)  Wireless MANs (WiMax) K KaziCSCI 370 48

49. Types of Networks: Wireless Networks  (a) Bluetooth configuration  (b) Wireless LAN K KaziCSCI 370 49

50. Types of Networks: Wireless Networks  (a) Individual mobile computers  (b) A flying LAN (several airlines offer internet connectivity during flights) K KaziCSCI 370 50

51. Types of Networks: Home Networking  Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals  Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)  Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)  Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, air-conditioning etc.)  Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam). K KaziCSCI 370 51

52. Home Networking: Digital Living Room  Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA)  http://www.dlna.org/en/industry/about K KaziCSCI 370 52

53. The Internet  Internet evolved from ARPANET  first operational packet network  applied to tactical radio & satellite nets also  had a need for interoperability  led to standardized TCP/IP protocols K KaziCSCI 370 53

54. Internet Elements SONET/OTH (IP/MPLS based routing) K KaziCSCI 370 54

55. Internet Architecture K KaziCSCI 370 55

56. Example Configuration K KaziCSCI 370 56

57. Integrated Networked Enhanced Telemetry: Yet another networking application https://www.inetprogram.org/default.aspx K KaziCSCI 370 57