1. The student is expected to: 7B analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis, and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record; 7D analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources, result in differential reproductive success;

2. The student is expected to: 5B examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants...; 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system

3. Continued:
8B categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and
differences shared among groups

4. KEY CONCEPT The largest phylum in the plant kingdom is the flowering plants.

5. Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them to dominate in today’s world.
Flowers allow for efficient pollination.
animals feed on pollen or nectar
pollen is spread from plant to plant in process

6. Fruit allows for efficient seed dispersal.
Fruit is flower’s ripened ovary
Surrounds and protects seed(s)
Many forms, each function in seed dispersal

7. Botanists classify flowering plants into two groups based on seed type.
A cotyledon is an embryonic “seed leaf.”
Monocots have a single seed leaf.
leaf veins usually parallel
flower parts usually in multiples of 3
bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem

8. Dicots have two seed leaves.
leaf veins usually netlike
flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5
bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem

9. Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan.
Stem type can be woody or herbaceous.
Wood is a fibrous material made up of dead cells.
Wood has high concentrations of lignin and cellulose.
Woody stems are stiff.
Oak

10. Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan.
Stem type can be woody or herbaceous.
Wood is a fibrous material made up of dead cells.
Wood has high concentrations of lignin and cellulose.
Woody stems are stiff.
Herbaceous plants do not produce wood.
Iris

11. There are three types of plant life spans.
Annuals mature from seed, flower, and die in one year.
Wheat

12. There are three types of plant life spans.
Annuals mature from seed, flower, and die in one year.
Biennials take two years to compete life cycle.
Foxglove

13. There are three types of plant life spans.
Annuals mature from seed, flower, and die in one year.
Biennials take two years to compete life cycle.
Perennials live more than two years.
Big bluestem

14. KEY CONCEPT Plants have specialized cells and tissue systems.

15. Plant tissues are made of three basic cell types.
Parenchyma cells are the most common plant cell type.
store starch, oils and water
help heal wounds to the plant
have thin flexible walls

16. Collenchyma cells provide support to a growing plant.
they are strong and flexible.
celery strings are strands of collenchyma.
they have unevenly thick cell walls.

17. Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest plant cell type.
second cell wall hardened by lignin
die when they reach maturity
used by humans to make linen and rope

18. Plant organs are made of three tissue systems.
Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant.
protects the plant
secretes cuticle of leaves
forms outer bark of trees

19. Ground tissue is found inside a plant.
provides support
stores materials in roots and stems
most commonly made of parenchyma

20. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds.
stem
leaf
root
two networks of hollow tubes
xylem transports water and minerals
phloem transports photosynthetic products

21. The student is expected to: 4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules; 5B examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants...; 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system

22. KEY CONCEPT Roots and stems form the support system of vascular plants.

23. Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.
Roots provide many functions.
support the plant
absorb, transport, and store nutrients
root hairs help absorption

24. There are several parts of a root. root cap covers the tip

25. There are several parts of a root. root cap covers the tip
apical meristem is an area of growth
apical meristem

26. There are several parts of a root. root cap covers the tip
apical meristem is an area of growth
vascular cylinder contains xylem and phloem
vascular cylinder

27. There are two main types of roots.
Fibrous root systems have fine branches.
Taproot systems have one main root.
Fibrous root
Taproot

28. Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Stems have many functions.
support leaves and flowers
house most of the vascular system
store water
Baobab trees
Cactus

29. Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Stems have many functions.
support leaves and flowers
house most of the vascular system
store water
grow underground for storage
Ginger rhizomes
Potato tubers

30. Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
Stems have many functions.
support leaves and flowers
house most of the vascular system
store water
grow underground for storage
form new plants
Strawberry stolons

31. Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis.

32. Some stems can be woody, and form protective bark.

33. Primary growth increases a plant’s length.
Secondary growth increases a plant’s width.

34. Tree rings help determine the age of a tree.
heartwood
bands
bark
one year of growth
sapwood

35. The student is expected to: 4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules; 5B examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants...; 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system

36. KEY CONCEPT Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.

37. Most leaves share some similar structures.
The blade is usually broad and flat.
collects sunlight for photosynthesis
connects to the stem by a petiole
blade
petiole

38. Mesophyll is between the leaf’s dermal tissue layers.
cuticle
upper
epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
lower epidermis

39. Guard cells surround each stoma.
Stomata open and close when guard cells change shape.
When stomata are open, water evaporates and gas exchanges.
Stomata close at night and when plant loses too much water.
guard cells
stoma

40. Leaves may be simple, compound, or double compound.
Simple leaf
Compound leaf
Double compound leaf

41. Leaf veins may be parallel or pinnate.
Pinnate veins
Parallel veins

42. Leaf margins may be toothed, entire, or lobed.
Toothed margin
Entire margin
Lobed margin

43. Most leaves are specialized systems for photosynthesis.
There are two types of mesophyll cells.
both types contain chloroplasts
palisade mesophyll absorbs sunlight
spongy mesophyll connects to stomata
xylem
phloem
cuticle
upper
epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
stomata
lower epidermis

44. Leaves have many adaptations.
for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles

45. Leaves have many adaptations.
for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles
for water loss, ex: cactus spines

46. Leaves have many adaptations.
for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles
for water loss, ex: cactus spines
for aquatic environments, ex: water lily

47. Leaves have many adaptations.
for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles
for water loss, ex: cactus spines
for aquatic environments, ex: water lily
for getting food, ex: Venus’ flytrap

48. The student is expected to: 6G recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction and 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants

49. KEY CONCEPT Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers.

50. Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves.
Sepals and petals are modified leaves.
Sepals are outermost layer that protects developing flower
sepal

51. Petals can help to attract animal pollinators

52. A stamen is the male structure of the flower.
filament
anther
anther produces pollen grains
filament supports the anther

53. The innermost layer of a flower is the female carpel.
style
stigma
ovary
stigma is sticky tip
style is tube leading from stigma to ovary
ovary produces female gametophyte

54. Flowering plants can be pollinated by wind or animals.
Flowering plants pollinated when pollen grains land on stigma.
Wind pollinated flowers have small flowers and large amounts of pollen.

55. Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less pollen.
many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators
pollen grains
pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower
animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination

56. Fertilization takes place within the flower.
Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers.
male spores produced in anthers by meiosis
each spore divides by mitosis to form two haploid cells
two cells form a single pollen grain
pollen grain

57. One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a flower’s ovary.
four female spores produced in ovule by meiosis
one spore develops into female gametophyte
female gametophyte contains seven cells
one cell has two nuclei, or polar nuclei
one cell will develop into an egg

58. Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma.
pollen tube
sperm
stigma
one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube
other cell forms two sperm that travel down tube

59. Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization.
female
gametophyte
ovule
egg
sperm
polar nuclei

60. Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization.
endosperm
seed coat
embryo
one sperm fertilizes the egg
other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm
endosperm provides food supply for embryo

61. Each ovule becomes a seed.
The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.

62. The student is expected to: 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants

63. KEY CONCEPT Plant hormones guide plant growth and development.

64. Plant hormones regulate plant functions.
Hormones are chemical messengers.
produced in one part of an organism
stimulates or suppresses activity in another part

65. Gibberellins are plant hormones that produce dramatic increases in size.
ending seed dormancy
rapid growth of young seedlings
rapid growth of some flower stalks

66. Ethylene causes the ripening of fruits.
some fruits picked before they are ripe
sprayed with ethylene to ripen when reach destination

67. Cytokinins stimulate cytokinesis.
final stage in cell division
produced in growing roots, seeds, and fruits
involved in growth of side branches

68. Auxins lengthen plant cells in the growing tip.
stimulates growth of primary stem
controls some forms of tropism
A tropism is the movement of plant in response to an environmental stimulus.

69. Plants can respond to light, touch, gravity, and seasonal changes.
Phototropism is the tendency of a plant to grow toward light.
auxins build up on shaded side of stem
cells on shaded side lengthen
causes stem to bend toward light

70. Thigmotropism is a plant’s response to touchlike stimuli.
climbing plants and vines
plants that grow in direction of constant wind

71. Gravitropism is a plant’s response to Earth’s gravitational pull.
positive gravitropism is downward growth (roots)
negative gravitropism is upward growth (shoots)

72. Some plants have rapid responses not involving growth.
Some responses protect plants from predators.
Some responses allow plants to capture food.

73. Photoperiodism is a response to the changing lengths of day and night.
triggers some plants to flower
triggers fall colors/winter dormancy of deciduous trees