1. Life in the Emerging Urban Society
McKay Chapter 24
Taming the city

2. Homework
Read McKay Chapter 24
Quiz on Chapter 24 Friday!!!

3. Social Life 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 Commercial Revolution
Commercial Revolution
-Preindustrial Europe
-Agriculturally based econ
-Community Controls
-Late Marriage
-Nuclear Family
-Open Field System
-Premarital Sex common
-Illegitimacy low
-Marriages usually arranged
-High Infant mortality
-Breast feeding uncommon
In middle and upper class
-Medical care primitive
-blood letting, faith healers
-Diet and Nutrition improving
-Life span increasing (25-35)
-Still very Religious
-Carnival and Blood Sports
Most popular
Industrial Revolution
-Cottage Industry &
Factory System
-Illegitimacy Explosion
-Nuclear Family most
common
-Earlier Marriage (for love)
-Urbanization growing
-overcrowded, poor
transportation, disease
ramped
-Child & female labor high
-Family economic unit in
factory
-deplorable conditions
-medical experimentation
Increases
-Drinking most popular
pastime
Age of Science
-Factory System
-Industrial based
econ
-Illegitimacy
decreases
-Nuclear family
-Urban
improvements
-Bacterial Rev.
-Diverse social
Classes
-Married later
Women relegated
To the home
--infant mortality
Decreases
-Maternal love
Encouraged
-sociology,
Darwinism & realism

4. Urban Life during the Industrial Revolution

5. Industry and the growth of cities
congestion, filth, and disease existed long before the Industrial Revolution
Cities had higher death rates than birth rates
Industrial Revolution & population growth made urban reform necessary
In Britain, % of population living in cities of 20,000
17 percent in 1801
to 54 percent in 1891
Housing
Overcrowded, lacked sanitation, no yards
Many people lived in sewerage & poo-poo kaa-kaa
Manchester
Over 200 people shared 1 outhouse
Manchester canal, circa 1850
Passage de la Petite Boucherie, Paris

6. Top of rue Champlain, Paris 1858
Industry and the growth of cities
Why the awful conditions?
A lack of transportation
“walking cities”
Lack of sanitary codes
legacy of rural housing also contributed to the problem
Took dirt for granted
Top of rue Champlain, Paris 1858

7. Gustave Doré: London, A Pilgrimage

8. Public health and the bacterial revolution
Edwin Chadwick
(British reformer) was influenced by Benthamite
Problems could be dealt with rational, scientifically (Positivism)
greatest good for the greatest number
believed that cleaning the city would curtail disease
proposed the installation of running water and sewers
New sanitation methods and public health laws were adopted all over Europe from the 1840s on

9. The Bacterial Revolution
Miasmatic theory (Pre-Positivism)
Belief that disease was caused by bad odors
Louis Pasteur ( )
Germ Theory
germs caused disease
major breakthrough
Pasteurization
Organism growth that occurs during fermentation could be eliminated via heat
meant disease could be controlled through vaccines
Robert Koch
Identified organisms responsible for many diseases
vaccines developed
Lister developed the concept of sterilization of wounds
Mortality rates began to decline rapidly in European countries
Operation using Lister's carbolic spray invented in 1869

10. Urban planning and public transportation
Better urban planning contributed to improved living conditions
Georges Haussmann ( )
After 1850, Paris was transformed by the urban planning
Pre1850 Paris
A “labyrinth of narrow, dark streets, severely overcrowded”
“walking city”
Very high death rates
Post 1850 Paris
became a model city
Broad, straight, tree lined boulevards cut through the center of the city
Prevent barricade building
Parks created throughout the city
Sewers improved & aqueducts built
Electric streetcars revolutionized urban life and enabled the cities to expand
The avenue de l'Opéra as seen by Pissaro

11. Pre Haussman Paris
Post Haussman Paris

12. Rich and poor and those in between

13. Rich and poor and those in between
Social structure
Between about 1850 and 1906, the standard of living for the average person improved substantially
But differences in wealth continued to be enormous
society remained stratified in a number of classes
Wealthy classes
Aristocrats, bankers, factory owners
“Rented” townhouses
Owned summer cottage
Arranged marriages
Rose from Titanic

14. The Middle Classes Upper middle class
composed of successful business families who were attracted to the aristocratic lifestyle (Nouveau Riches), (Cal from Titanic)
Middle middleclass group
contained merchants, lawyers, and doctors--people who were well off but not wealthy
Lower middle class
shopkeepers, small businessmen, and white-collar workers
Experts, such as engineers, chemists, accountants, and managers, were also considered members of the middle class, as were those in public and private management (Captain of Titanic)
Teachers, dentists, and nurses rose up the ladder to become middle class

15. Middle-class culture united these sub-classes
Lifestyle included
large meals (lots of meat), dinner parties, servants, an interest in fashionable dressing, apartment housing, and good education
Code of expected behavior
stressed hard work, self-discipline, religion, and restraint from vices
Victorian morality
Woman’s place was in the home
Known for prudishness
Corset, Crinoline dress

16. The working classes Vast majority of people (4 out of 5)
had varying lifestyles and little unity
"labor aristocracy"
Highly skilled workers
developed a lifestyle of stern morality
considered themselves the leaders of the working class
had strong political and philosophical beliefs
Semiskilled and unskilled urban workers
Many workers in the crafts and factory work were part of the semiskilled
Domestic servants, mostly female, were a large unskilled subgroup
Women employed in the "sweated industries" were another large group

18. The working classes Drinking was a favorite leisure activity
Drunkenness often resulted in fights and misery
"drinking problem" declined in the late 19th century
Cafes and pubs became respectable, even for women
Pubs became centers for working class politics
other pastimes included sports and music halls
Increasingly less religious and more secular
partly because of lack of churches
also because the church was seen as an institution that upheld the power and position of the ruling elites
Religious organizations linked with an ethnic group (e.g., Irish and Jewish), and not the state, tended to thrive.
Click for Clip

19. Premarital sex and marriage
"Romantic love"
Triumphed over economic considerations in the working class by 1850
Economic considerations remained important to the middle class
Premarital sex remained high
After 1850
Illegitimacy decreased
indicating the growing morality and stability of the working class

20. Victorian Prostitution
155 thousand registered in Paris
Middle and upper classes fueled it
Men commonly turned to prostitutes because
marriages were so often made later in life, especially in the middle and upper classes
Brutal sexist behavior was a part of life
Post-Impressionist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

21. Kinship ties Marriage and family ties were often strong
Especially among middle classes
Never stray too far from the nest
Kinship networks were an important source of mutual support and welfare

22. Gender roles and family life
Preindustrial pattern of women working outside the home disappeared
except for working class women
Separate spheres
Term indicating that women became fulltime mothers and homemakers, not wage earners
Husband was the breadwinner
Women excluded from good jobs
Law placed women in an inferior position
Wife in England had no legal identity & no right to own property
In France, the Napoleonic Code gave women few legal rights
Crinoline Dress, about 1859

23. Status of Victorian Women
Middleclass feminists campaigned for
equal legal rights, equal education, access to the professions, and work for women
Scored some victories, but
In Germany in 1900 women were kept out of universities and the professions
Socialist women called for the liberation of working class women through revolution

24. Status of Victorian Women
control and influence in the home increased
wife usually determined how money was spent
Running the household was complicated and demanding, and many women sacrificed for the welfare and comfort of their husbands
Home increased in emotional importance in all social classes;
symbolized shelter from the harsh working world
“HOME IS THE NEST WHERE ALL IS BEST”
Strong emotional bonds between mothers and children and between wives and husbands developed
Women encouraged to marry someone their own age for love

25. Child rearing
Indifference of mothers toward their children came to an end--as mothers developed deep emotional ties with their children.
more breastfeeding and less swaddling and abandonment of babies
fathers were urged to help in child rearing
birthrate declined
each child became more important and could receive more advantages
Main reason for the reduction in family size was the parents' desire to improve the family's economic and social position
Children were no longer seen as an economic asset

26. Child rearing
Many children were too controlled by parents, however, and suffered the effects of excessive parental concern
Prevailing theories encouraged many parents to think that their own emotional characteristics were passed to their children; thus, they were responsible for any abnormality in the child
“Never run the risk of conception when you are sick or over-tired…”
Parents were obsessed with the child's sexual behavior--particularly the possibility of masturbation
"Spare the rod and spoil the child"
Relations between fathers and children were often tense; fathers tended to be very demanding
In studying family dynamics, Freud developed his theory of the Oedipal complex: that a son competes with his father for his mother's love
Working-class youths had more avenues of escape from family tensions than middleclass youths

27. Science and thought
Scientific knowledge expanded rapidly--resulting in new products
Triumph of science
Theoretical discoveries resulted increasingly in practical benefits, as in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electricity
Scientific achievements strengthened faith in progress and gave science unrivaled prestige
Thru science man could understand and control nature
Titanic = The Unsinkable Ship
Dmitri Mendeleev

28. Social science and evolution
Auguste Comte
Father of Sociology
tried to study society scientifically
using data collected by the government to find social laws
Comte argued
The third and final stage of knowledge is that of science, or what he called the "positivist method"
Would allow social scientists to develop a disciplined and harmonic society ruled by science and experts

29. Social science and evolution
Origin of the Species
Theory of evolution
Charles Darwin theorized that all life had evolved gradually from a common origin through an unending "struggle for survival" that led to the survival of the fittest by natural selection
Social Darwinists, such as Herbert Spencer, applied Darwin's ideas to human affairs
Fit nicely with Bourgeoisie weltanschauung
Satirical cartoon by Thomas Nast, from Harper's Weekly, August 19, Victorian society was shocked by the publication in 1859 of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species and in 1871 of his Descent of Man, both of which seemed to indicate that man was descended from the apes. Here the artist puts all the dismay into the mouth of the “defrauded” ape.

30. The End of the Springtime of Peoples
The springtime of peoples (Revolution of 1848) was followed by chilling blasts of winter
Major accomplishment of 1848 revolutions was
emancipation of peasantry
Constitutional governments were secured in Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Piedmont
France had popular sovereignty but not democracy (really a popular dictatorship)
However, peasantry showed little concern for constitutional or bourgeois ideas
Result strengthened the forces of political counterrevolution
Most immediate result of Revolution of 1848 A new toughness of mind emerged
“Get Real” zeitgeist
Idealism and romanticism are out, realism is in
Revolutionaries became less optimistic
Conservatives became more willing to exercise repression
Realism becomes the watchword
Labor shifts to the organization of unions
Honore Daumier, The Third-Class Carriage, ca oil on canvas. French.

31. Gustave Courbet. The Stone Breakers, 1849. oil on canvas. French.
Post 1848 Zeitgeist
Literature
Realism
Writers describe life as it really is
Unsentimental
Rejected the search for sublime meaning
Fatalistic
Mankind is crushed by natural or societal forces
Madame Bovary, by Flaubert
precise, unsentimental, literal
Mocks illusions of romantic literature
Trust in science and scientific knowledge grows
increased skepticism
role of religion is examined
because it is unscientific is shouldn’t be taken seriously and is necessary only to preserve social order
"Before she married, she thought she was in love; but the happiness that should have resulted from that love, somehow had not come. It seemed to her that she must have made a mistake, have misunderstood in some way or another. And Emma tried hard to discover what, precisely, it was in life that was denoted by the words 'joy, passion, intoxication', which had always looked so fine to her in books." - Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary
Flaubert, Gustave:
Madame Bovary
Madame Bovary (1857)
Gustave Flaubert, French writer,
wrote meticulous descriptions of provincial woman’s (Emma) tedious, unhappy marriage to a second rate, dull doctor named Charles Bovary
Seeking romance she has affairs and bankrupts her husband
After unsuccessfully attempting to prostitute herself to keep her affairs secret, Emma is rejected, driven to depair and committs suicide
Charles discovers her affair, and dies alone
Their daughter is sent to work in a cotton mill
Gustave Courbet. The Stone Breakers, oil on canvas. French.

32. Realism in literature
Stressed role of environment in determining human behavior
You are a product of your environment
Replaced romanticism as the dominant literary trend from the 1840s through the 1890s
Objectively studied & wrote about
everyday life
taboo subjects
urban working class
Were strict determinists (Fatalistic)
human actions were caused by unalterable natural laws
Emile Zola, -the leading French realist
Tolstoy in Russia, and Crane in America were also great realists