1. Pregnancy & Early Development
Chapter 18.3

2. Objectives Describe how a human life begins.
Summarize how a baby develops during the three trimesters of pregnancy.
Identify the things a couple can do to stay healthy before & during pregnancy.
Summarize four problems that can occur during pregnancy.
Describe the stages of childbirth.
List the changes that occur during early child development.

3. Key Vocabulary Sexual Intercourse:
The reproductive process in which the penis is inserted into the vagina & through which a new human life may begin.
Placenta:
A blood vessel-rich organ that forms in a mother’s uterus
It provides nutrients & oxygen to & removes wastes from a developing human.

4. Key Vocabulary
Fetus:
A developing human, from the start of the ninth week of pregnancy until delivery.
Embryo:
A developing human, from fertilization through the first 8 weeks of development.
Prenatal Care:
The healthcare provided for a woman during her pregnancy.

5. How Life Begins Fertilization
The sperm travels from the vagina, through cervix, the uterus, & into the fallopian tubes, where fertilization normally happens.
It takes one sperm to fertilize an egg!
Once a sperm infiltrates the egg, a chemical change prohibits other sperm from entering the egg.

6. Life starts when the egg & a sperm unites, it becomes a one cell life called a zygote.
All of the genetic information needed to produce a human is found in the zygote.

7. The Fertilized Egg Divides
It takes 3 – 5 days for the zygote to travel down the fallopian tube to the uterus.
As the zygote moves down the fallopian tube, it divides into two cells, then four cells, until it becomes a ball of numerous cells.

8. The Embryo Implants In The Uterus
After days, the ball of hundreds of cells attaches itself to the uterine wall. This is called implantation.

9. The Placenta Supports the Baby
Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion.
The baby’s growth in the uterus is dependent on the placenta.
Drugs & alcohol, pass through the placenta & become very harmful to the mother & the baby.

10. Early Signs of Pregnancy
A missed menstrual period; often feels like a period is about to start
Positive urine or blood test for the HCG hormone
Tenderness & enlargement of the breasts
Darkening of the nipples.
Nausea & fatigue.

11. How A Baby Develops Begins as one cell
Develops into a baby made of trillions of cells over weeks divided into three trimesters

12. First Trimester (1-3 months)
Size:
Grows from the size of a pea to about 1” long
What’s Happening?:
Heart starts beating
Umbilical cord, arms, bones, muscles, lungs, legs, eyes, eyelids, nose, & brain begins to develop

13. Second Trimester (4-6 months)
Size: 5 to 6 inches long
Weight: about 5 ounces
What’s Happening?:
Can yawn & stretch
Grows hair, fingernails & toenails
Hears & recognizes voices
Kicks & makes facial expressions.

14. Third Trimester (7-9 months)
Size: about 20 inches
Weight: almost 5 pounds
What’s Happening?:
A layer of fat forms underneath skin
Can open eyes
Gains most of its weight
Completes organ growth &
Can grasp & suck thumb

15. Keeping Healthy Before & During Pregnancy
Avoid alcohol, drugs, & exposure to cigarette smoke
Eat healthy
Take prescribed prenatal vitamins
Exercise regularly, if approved by doctor
Have regular check-ups by a doctor

16. Prenatal Care During Pregnancy
Procedures:
Need regular doctor’s exams
Blood tests
Discussion of childbirth options
Blood pressure, weight, urine, & fetal heartbeat checks

17. Prenatal Care Ultrasound:
Uses sound waves to draw pictures of a baby on a monitoring screen
Shows gender, number of babies & development
Amniocentesis:
Tests the amniotic fluid for genetic problems
Shows the gender of the fetus

18. Problems During Pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Miscarriage
Ectopic (tubal) Pregnancy
Toxemia
Gestational Diabetes
Premature Birth
Rh Incompatibility

19. Stages Of Childbirth Contractions:
Tightening of the uterine muscles help push the baby out of the uterus & through the vagina for delivery of the baby.

20. First Stage Dilation: The mother’s cervix expands
The membrane surrounding the baby ruptures

21. Second Stage Expulsion:
The baby’s head exits from the birth canal (vagina)
The shoulders rotate or turn
Stage ends when baby is delivered

22. Third Stage Placental Stage:
The placenta & umbilical cord are expelled after the baby is born
Mucus is removed from baby’s mouth so it can breathe
The umbilical cord is cut

23. Types of Childbirth Natural Childbirth:
Natural delivery through the vagina
Cesarean Section:
Baby & placenta are lifted out of mother’s body through an incision made in the lower abdomen & the uterus.

24. 2 Months Can raise head & has good neck control
Smiles at faces they recognize
Spends several hours awake
Mostly sleeps

25. 4 Months
Rolls
Makes “cooing” sounds
Smiles
Spends more time awake

26. Early Childhood Development
6 Months
Can sit up
9 Months
Crawls
1 Year
Walks
Talks

27. Between 5 - 6 Years Ready to begin school Toilet-trained
Has well-developed speech
Ready to be social

28. 6 - 12 Years Intellectual & psychological changes
Learn to read & do math
Communicates socially

29. 3D Animation of Vaginal Birth

30. Review
Section 18.3

31. Key Vocabulary Sexual Intercourse:
The reproductive process in which the penis is inserted into the vagina & through which a new human life may begin.
Fetus:
A developing human, from the start of the ninth week of pregnancy until delivery.
Embryo:
A developing human, from fertilization through the first 8 weeks of development.
Placenta:
A blood vessel-rich organ that forms in a mother’s uterus
It provides nutrients & oxygen to & removes wastes from a developing human.
Prenatal Care:
The healthcare provided for a woman during her pregnancy.

32. Fertilization
The sperm travels from the vagina, through cervix, the uterus, & into the fallopian tubes, where fertilization normally happens.
It takes one sperm to fertilize an egg!
Once a sperm infiltrates the egg, a chemical change prohibits other sperm from entering the egg.

33. How does a human life begin?
The egg & a sperm unites, becomes a one cell life called a zygote.
The zygote contains all the information needed to produce a human.
It takes 3 – 5 days for the zygote to travel down the fallopian tube to the uterus.
The zygote divides until it becomes a ball of numerous cells.
The zygote attaches itself to the uterine wall, implantation & becomes an embryo.

34. How does a baby develop during the three trimesters of pregnancy?
1st Trimester – 1-3 Months
Size:
Grows from the size of a pea to about 1”
What’s Happening?:
Major organs & limbs begin to form
Embryo becomes a fetus after 8 weeks

35. 2nd Trimester & 3rd Trimester Fetus Grows To:
Size: 5 to 6 inches long
Weight: 1-2 pounds
What’s Happening?:
Can yawn & stretch
Hears & recognizes voices
Kicks & makes facial expressions.
Size: about 20 inches
Weight: pounds
What’s Happening?:
Can open eyes
Completes organ growth
Can grasp & suck thumb or toes

36. What can a couple do to stay healthy before & during pregnancy?
Avoid alcohol, drugs, & exposure to cigarette smoke
Eat healthy
Take prescribed prenatal vitamins
Exercise regularly, if approved by doctor
Have regular check-ups by a doctor

37. Problems During Pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Miscarriage
Ectopic (tubal) Pregnancy
Toxemia
Gestational Diabetes
Premature Birth
Rh Incompatibility

38. What are the stages of childbirth?
Contractions:
Uterine muscles tighten to help push the baby out.
1st Stage - Dilation:
The mother’s cervix expands
The membrane surrounding the baby ruptures

39. 2nd Stage - Expulsion:
The baby’s head exits from the birth canal
The shoulders rotate or turn
Baby is delivered
3rd Stage - Placental Stage:
The placenta & umbilical cord are expelled
Mucus is removed from baby’s mouth
The umbilical cord is cut

40. What changes that occur during early child development?
4 Months
Rolls
Makes “cooing” sounds
Smiles
Spends more time awake
6 Months
Can sit up
2 Months
Can raise head & has good neck control
Smiles at faces they recognize
Spends several hours awake

41. 9 Months
Crawls
5-6 Years
Ready to begin school
Toilet-trained
Has well-developed speech
Ready to be social
1 Year
Walks
Talks
6 – 12 Years
Intellectual & psychological changes
Learn to read & do math
Communicates socially