1. Julius Nyerere: Successes and Failures
Project by: Phylesia Fralin

2. Where?
Julius Nyerere was the first prime minister of Tanganyika
Later became the first president of the United Republic of Tanzania

3. Early Years
Born in Butiama, Tanganyika in 1922
Son of the chief of a small Zanaki tribe
At age 12 he attended Roman Catholic school
Became the first African to study in a British university (Edinburgh University)
Returned to Tanganyika in 1953 with a M.A. in history and economics
Began a career as a teacher

4. When? 19th Century Scramble for Africa
Land was divided indiscriminately
Rival tribes were often placed under the same rule
Tanganyika was controlled by Britain
In the 1950s the United Nations converted the relationship between Britain and Tanganyika to a trusteeship meant to grant Tanganyika independence
There was still fear that the British would take land from and mistreat native Africans

5. Nyerere in politics
Joined the Tanganyika African Association (TAA) and was elected president about a year later
Turned the TAA into the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU)
TANU voted to send Nyerere to the UN to petition for their independence, but progress was slow
In 1958 TANU won 70 of the 71 seats in the Tanganyika legislature
Britain then began planning to peacefully grant Tanganyika independence
Nyerere became the first prime minister of Tanganyika in and was elected president of the United Republic of Tanzania (Tanganyika and Zanzibar) in 1965

6. Obstacles Difficulties Lack of national unity
Various cultures, languages, beliefs and ways of life forced together
High poverty
Resources claimed by white settlers or taken to Europe
Developing economies
Mostly primary goods
Manufactured goods had to be imported
Tanganyika’s Advantages
No one tribal group was strong enough for total control
National language, Swahili, understood across the country
The few white settlers were not strong enough to be an issue
No large group of businessmen to take over TANU for their own benefit

7. Opposition
Nyerere was a beloved figure in Tanzania, affectionately nicknamed Mwalimu (teacher).
The promise of freedom was enough to unite the rich and the poor
The British were bitter towards Nyerere and tried to keep progress for independence slow
Because of Nyerere and TANU’s overwhelming support the British decided to grant Tanganyika independence without violence

8. Origin of Nyerere’s state
Need for national unity, desire for independence, and a growing fear of British rule
Tanganyika was impoverished
The British often took land from natives
64% of school-aged children did not attend school
Most people lived as poor farmers
Nationalist feelings were growing throughout Africa

9. Nyerere’s Ideology: Uhuru na kazi
Led TANU with the goals of peaceful change and racial harmony
Rejected all forms of discrimination
Desired an egalitarian socialist society
Ujama (familyhood): socialism based on African values. Represented cooperation and harmony
Granted freedom of religion to promote unity
Wanted to eliminate poverty and promote economic cooperation
Taught self-reliance
The promise of freedom gave him support from the rich and the poor

10. Establishment
Tanzania started off with only one party: Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), which merged TANU and Zanzibar’s most popular political party
No force was necessary to take control.
Nyerere was elected democratically as the leader of Tanganyika in 1962 and then Tanzania in 1964.
Was re-elected in 1965, 1970, 1975 and 1980 before stepping down himself in 1985
Nyerere was chairman of the CCM from
Nyerere was so beloved that very little opposition existed

11. Policies
Free education through the university level for those who qualified
Compulsory military service to teach discipline
Advised Tanzanians to work hard and reach economic self-sufficience
Believed in “one man, one vote”
Land was owned collectively by the state, and individuals had the opportunity to lease land as long as they either improved or productively used it.
Encouraged citizens to grow enough food for themselves and enough to manufacture goods like textiles
Wanted to completely wean Tanzania off of foreign aid

12. Social life Freedom of religion
Religion actually used to unify the country
Equality: both men and women could receive an education
Encouraged intellectuals while emphasizing hard work
ujamaa vijijini, or collective villages with improved resources
Tried to unify the African countries (the creation of Tanzania and the East African Community)

13. Government Policies
No TANU or Government leader could
Be rich (must be peasants or workers)
Support capitalism or feudalism.
Hold shares in any company.
Hold directorships in any privately owned enterprise.
Have two or more salaries
Own houses that were rented to others

14. Impact: Economy Nyerere was successful in encouraging hard work
His policies on farming and compulsory military service made Tanzania a regional power
Did not achieve his goal of creating a self- sufficient Tanzania
By his resignation Tanzania was still one of the poorest countries
1/3 of the country’s income was foreign aid
Did not eliminate poverty
Most lived at subsistence levels (US $2.50 a day)
Outdated industrial and transportation infrastructure (ujamaa vijijini failed due to lack of willful participation)

15. Impact: Education
Tanzania had one of the highest literacy rates in Africa
Education remains free through the university level for qualified individuals to this day
Quadrupled the number of people educated per year under British rule

16. Unified Tanganyika through the idea of freedom
Impact: Unity
Unified Tanganyika through the idea of freedom
Was able to unify Tanganyika with Zanzibar
The East African Community collapsed due to irreconcilable differences
Society was fairly free of social inequality, especially compared to other nations

17. Bibliography
Biography Today. "Julius Kambarage Nyerere." Biography Reference Center. EBSCO, n.d. Web. 28 Dec
Brown, Dallas L. "Julius Nyerere." Great Lives from History: The Twentieth Century. N.p.: Salem, n.d. 1+. EBSCO. Web. 31 Dec < c0b b2%40sessionmgr11&vid=5&hid=12&bdata=JnNpdGU9YnJjLWxpdmU%3d #db=b6h&AN=103331GL20C &anchor=toc>.
Garfield, Robert. "Berlin Conference." World Book Student. World Book, 2013. Web. 2 Jan  
Killingray, David. Nyerere and Nkrumah. St. Paul, MN: Greenhaven, Print.
Nyerere, Julius. "The Arusha Declaration." Marxists Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan
"Nyerere, Julius." Brittanica.com. Encylcopaedia Brittanica, n.d. Web. 21 Dec <
Smith, Mark K. "Julius Nyerere, Lifelong Learning and Informal Education."  YMCA George Williams College, Web. 03 Jan