1. Agenda

2. Review
How did the rivalry between the Cold War superpowers affect the rest of the world?

3. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

4. Essential learning: The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration ( )

5. Objectives
Describe how the Cold War affected politics in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s.

6. Essential Questions
How did the Cold War affect politics in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s?

7. Target: Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion
Proxy wars – local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants.

8. Latin America 1970s – political violence, military gov’ts. Brazil
Suspended constitution, outlawed existing political parties, exiled former leaders. Death squads.

9. Chile 1970 – Salvador Allende reforms.
1973 – military uprising by General Augusto Pinochet.

10. Argentina 1976 –Isabel Martinez de Peron dictatorship. Military coup.
Dirty War.

11. Nicaragua
1979 – Anastasio Somoza dictatorship overthrown by the Sandinistas.
Reagan recruited and armed the Contras (counterrevolutionaries).
1990 – Violeta Chamorro elected.

12. Violent political confrontation subsided. US influence
El Salvador
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN)
Violent political confrontation subsided.
US influence

13. Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan
1953 CIA intervention kept Muhammad Reza Pahlavi on his thrown.
Nationalized foreign-owned oil industry, American weaponry.
1970s – mass opposition to elite, brutality, inefficiency, and corruption.

15. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1979)
Religious control over legislation and public behavior.
Limited electoral process.
Combatted Western styles and culture.
Islamic fundamentalist government.

17. Muslim Women Mourning the Death of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1989.
An Islamic revolution overthrew the shah of Iran in Ayatollah Khomeini sought to lead Iran away from the influences of Western culture and challenged the power of the United States in the Persian Gulf.
p. 877

18. 1980 – Saddam Husain invaded.
American weapons in Iran, Soviet weapons in Iraq.
Cease-fire in 1988.

19. Afghanistan 1978 Marxist party seized power, USSR sent army.
US, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan paid, equipped, and trained Afghan rebels.
Soviets withdrew in 1989.
1992 fighting among rebel groups.
Al Qaeda

20. Asian Transformation Japan Fast economic growth – 1970s and 1980s.
American occupation.
Six major keiretsu – a major bank and business firms in an interlocking ownership structure.
1990s recession

21. Other Asian states imitated the Japanese.
Close alliances among industries and banks.
Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea – the Asian Tigers.

22. China Rejoins the World Economy
Deng Xiaoping
Four Modernizations Program – Agriculture, industry, science, defense
Foreign investment.

24. Tiananmen Square Massacre
Chinese students and intellectuals led protests demanding more democracy and an end to corruption.
Gov’t killed hundreds, arrested thousands.

28. Shanghai—Old Meets New.
The city of Shanghai is one of the great success stories in a rapidly growing Chinese economy, but its prosperity has left many behind. In this photo a poor woman walks past Shanghai’s modern skyline carrying goods to market in baskets and a neck yoke, a technology thousands of years old.
Fig. 33-CO, p. 872

29. Essential Questions
How did the Cold War affect politics in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s?

30. Agenda

31. Review
How did the Cold War affect politics in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s?

32. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

33. Essential learning: The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration ( )

34. Objectives
Evaluate the forces that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

35. Essential Questions
What forces led to the collapse of the Soviet Union?

36. Target: The End of the Bipolar World
Crisis in the Soviet Union
Nikita Khrushchev – leader by 1956
De-Stalinization – Freed political prisoners, eased censorship
Leonid Brezhnev
US investments in armaments = heavy burden on Soviet economy.
Declining standard of living.

38. Mikhail Gorbachev – power in 1985
Glasnost (openness) permitted criticism of the gov’t and the Communist Party.
Perestroika (restructuring) – allowed free market elements

39. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc
1980 protests by Polish shipyard workers led to the formation of Solidarity, a labor union.

40. By the end of 1989, communist gov’t across eastern Europe had fallen.
Fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War.
1990 – Poland – Lech Walesa, Czechoslovakia – Vaclav Havel.
Germany reunified in 1990.

41. The Fall of the Berlin Wall.
The Berlin Wall was the most important symbol of the Cold War. Constructed to keep residents of East Germany from fleeing to the West and defended by armed guards and barbed wire, it was the public face of communism. As the Soviet system fell apart, the residents of East and West Berlin broke down sections of the wall.
p. 883

42. End of the Soviet Union 1991 – Boris Yeltsin.
September 1991 – union dissolved, Gorbachev resigned.

44. Map 33.1: The End of the Soviet Union.
When communist hardliners failed to overthrow Gorbachev in 1991, popular anticommunist sentiment swept the Soviet Union. Following Boris Yeltsin’s lead in Russia, the republics that constituted the Soviet Union declared their independence.
Map 33-1, p. 885

45. Yugoslavia 1991 – warring ethnic and religious groups
Slobodan Milosevic.

46. Bosnia and Herzegovina – 40% Muslim, 30% Serbian Orthodox, 18% Catholic
Bosnian independence (1992) – Orthodox Serbs attempted to rid the state of Muslims.
Ethnic cleansing – effort to eradicate a people and its culture with mass killing and destruction of cultural materials.
Settlement in 1995.

52. 1999 – ethnic cleansing in Kosovo.
Muslims and Albanians resented Serbian domination, thousands killed by Milosevic.
US, Britain, and France launched an aerial war on behalf of NATO.

53. Progress and Conflict in Africa
Sub-Sahara – political instability, military coups, civil wars, conflicts over resources.
Democratic progress and steady decline in armed conflicts since 1991.

54. Genocide in Rwanda Hutus massacred Tutsis.
750,000 died in 100 days, millions more refugees.
Limited foreign intervention.

56. Genocide in Darfur – Tension over land right between nomadic Arabs and farmers.

58. Persian Gulf War
Saddam Hussain invaded Kuwait in August 1990 to gain control of the oil fields.
US attacked in early 1991, defeated Iraq.

59. Essential Learning
What forces led to the collapse of the Soviet Union?

60. Agenda

61. Review
What forces led to the collapse of the Soviet Union?

62. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

63. Essential learning: The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration ( )

64. Objectives
Compare/contrast the causes of differences in the rate of population growth among the world’s cultural regions.

65. Essential Questions
What causes the differences in the rate of population growth among the world’s cultural regions?

66. Map 33.2: World Population Growth.
Every three years the world’s population increases by the equivalent of a nation the size of the United States. Most of this population increase will be in some of the world’s poorest nations. By 2050, for example, Pakistan, a nation of only 40 million in 1950, will have the world’s third largest population. Source: Data from
Map 33-2, p. 889

67. Target: The Challenge of Population Growth
Demographic Transition
Industrial and agricultural productivity multiplied food supply.
Rate of increase slowed.
By 1960s, lower fertility rates and mortality in industrial societies.
By the late 1970s – not so in the Third World.

68. Mortality rates have increased where disease has spread. (HIV/AIDS)

69. The Industrialized Nations
Western Europe and Japan – Very low fertility levels.
Improved life expectancy.

70. Falling fertility and rising life expectancy.
Cost of social services.
Potential support ratio (PSR)
Birthrates lower than death rates and falling life expectancy in former socialist nations.

71. The Developing Nations
Populations of India and China continue to grow.
China: one-child policy.
India: forced sterilization.

72. Old and Young Populations
More youth = need for jobs
Aging population = need for social welfare benefits, declining labor pool

73. Essential Questions
What causes the differences in the rate of population growth among the world’s cultural regions?

74. Agenda

75. Review
What causes the differences in the rate of population growth among the world’s cultural regions?

76. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

77. Essential learning: The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration ( )

78. Objectives
Describe how wealth inequality among nations impacts international migration patterns.

79. Essential Questions
How does wealth inequality among nations impact international migration patterns?

80. Target: Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples
The Problem of Growing Inequality
Gap between rich and poor nations has grown.
Haves and have nots in industrial nations

81. Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities
Pace of migration accelerated.
Slums.
Declining services.

82. Global Migration From developing to industrialized nations.
Increase creates ethnic and racial tensions.
Benefits.
Attitudes have changed during economic contraction.

83. Essential Questions
How does wealth inequality among nations impact international migration patterns?

84. Agenda

85. Review
How does wealth inequality among nations impact international migration patterns?

86. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

87. Essential learning: The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration ( )

88. Objectives
Describe how technological change has affected the global environment in the recent past.

89. Essential Questions
How has technological change affected the global environment in the recent past?

90. Target: Technological and Environmental Change
New Technologies and the World Economy
Increased industrial productivity, reduced labor requirements, improved flow of information.
Consumer electronics industry.
Gov’ts – nuclear power plants and research.
The computer.
Transnational corporations

91. From Mainframe to Laptops and PDAs.
During the last forty years the computer revolution has changed the way we work.
p. 894

92. Conserving and Sharing Resources
1960s – environmental activists and political leaders issued warnings.
Environmental degradation raised public consciousness.

93. Developed world
Industrial activity increased more rapidly than population.
Consumption of energy rose.
Consumer-driven economic expansion = obstacle to addressing environmental problems.

94. Developing countries
Population growth led to deforestation, erosion, water pollution.

95. Loss of Brazilian Rain Forest.
The destruction of large portions of Brazil’s virgin rain forest has come to symbolize the growing threat to the environment caused by population growth and economic development. In this photograph we see a tragic moonscape of tree stumps and fragile topsoil ripped open by settlers. The name given to this place is “Bom Futuro” (“Good Future” in English).
p. 895

96. Map 33.3: Fresh Water Resources.
This map links population density and the availability of water. Red areas are highly stressed environments where populations use at least 40 percent or more of available water. Less stressed environments are blue. The deeper the shade of red or blue the greater the environmental stress. Source: From “Global Water Stress,” National Geographic, September 2002, pp. 14–16. Reprinted by permission of the National Geographic Society.
Map 33-3, p. 898

97. Responding the Environmental Threats
Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act (US, 1970s)
Antipollution laws and recycling.
Energy-efficient factories and fuel-efficient cars.
Alternative energy.

98. Developed nations – step-by-step improvements.
Developing world – population pressures and weak gov’ts.
Kyoto Protocol – 1997 agreement to reduce greenhouse gases.

99. Essential Questions
How has technological change affected the global environment in the recent past?