1. Chapter 23: Growth of Western Democracies (1815-1914)

2. Section 1: Democratic Reform in Britain

3. Reforming Parliament
1815- Britain was a constitutional monarchy with a Parliament and two political parties
House of Commons- only 5% of the people had the right to vote
House of Lords- hereditary nobles- could veto any bill passed by the House of Commons

4. Reformers Press for Change
Laws kept people from voting
Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants could not vote
Parliament changed who had the right to vote
Population shift due to Industrial Rev.

5. Reform Act of 1832 Whigs and Tories Whig- middle class
Tory- nobles, landowners, and others who had high income
Reform Act- redistributed seats in the House of Commons
Act gave representation to large towns and cities and eliminated rotten boroughs

6. Reform Act of 1832 Enlarged the electorate
Kept landowning as a requirement to vote
Did not bring full democracy

7. Chartist Movement Reform Act did not help rural or urban workers
People’s Charter- document- demanded universal male suffrage and annual Parliamentary elections
Demand for secret ballot
Government moved to suppress the march
Movement was declined

8. Victorian Age
: Queen Victoria was the great symbol of Great Britain
Reign was the longest in British history
Victorian ideals: duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, respect
Strict code of morals
Middle Class was at the center

9. Quote from Queen Victoria
Lower classes “earn their bread and riches so deservedly that they cannot and ought not to be kept back.”

10. New Era in British Politics
1860s- Old political parties regrouped under new leadership
Benjamin Disraeli- forged Tories into modern Conservative Party
William Gladstone- Whigs became the liberal party
: parliament was between two parties

11. New Era in British Politics
Disraeli gave the right to vote to working class men- doubled the size of the electorate
Gladstone extended suffrage to farmers
By the end of the century- almost universal male suffrage
Constitutional Monarchy with a prime minister and cabinet

12. Limiting the Lords
1900s- House of Commons men defeated the House of Lords
1911- Liberal gov. restricted power of lords
Lords backed down
House of Lords lost power
House of Commons was supreme

13. Section 2: Social and Economic Reform in Britain

14. A Series of Reforms Mid 1800s Parliament passed a variety of new laws
Free trade began between countries
Corn laws- imposed high tariffs on imported grain
Corn- all cereal grains
Farmers and wealthy landowners supported corn laws

15. Campaign Against Slavery
Enlightenment thinkers- against slavery
British carried more Africans than any other country
1807- Britain was the first European country to abolish the slave trade
1833- Parliament passed a law banning slavery

16. Crime and Punishment
Early 1800s- more than 200 crimes were punishable by death
1850- death penalty was reserved for murder, piracy, treason, and arson
Penal colonies- settlements for convicts

17. Penal Colony- Australia

18. Victories for the Working Class
1840s- Parliament passed laws to improve social conditions
1847- Law limited women and children to a 10-hour workday
Parliament sent inspectors to see that the laws were enforced
Unions- won higher wages, shorter working hours, improved the lives of the working class

19. Women Strikes

20. Struggle to Win Votes for Women
1900- Emmeline Pankhurst- leading suffragist
Drastic and violent protests
1918- Parliament finally granted suffrage to women over the age of 30

21. Instability in Ireland
England began conquering Ireland in 1100s
1600s- English and Scottish took possession of much of the best farmland
Irish did not like absentee landlords
Many Irish lived in poverty

22. Irish Nationalism 1800s- Irish campaigned for freedom
Daniel O’Connel “the liberator”
1829- Parliament passed the Catholic Emancipation Act- Irish Catholics got the right to vote and to hold political office

23. Struggle for Home Rule Famine in Ireland- Irish distrusted British
1850s- Fenian Brotherhood- goal was to liberate Ireland
Home rule- local self government
Gladstone- pushed for reforms in Ireland
1914- home rule was passed

24. Section 3: Division and Democracy in France

25. France after Franco-Prussian War
After the war, France was no longer the dominate power in Europe

26. France Under Napoleon III
1848- Napoleon III- nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte- rose to power in the Second Empire
Bourgeoisie liked Napoleon III
Napoleon III promised to end poverty
Ruled like a dictator

27. France Under Napoleon III
Napoleon appointed his cabinet, upper house of the legislature, and many officials
Debate was limited, newspapers had strict censorship
Napoleon III issues a new constitution and democratic rights

28. Suez Canal
Ferdinand de Lesseps- organized the building of the Suez Canal in Egypt

29. Napoleon III
After the Franco-Prussian war, France had to give up Alsace Lorraine

30. Challenges of the Third Republic
Napoleon was captured
Republicans take over starting the Third Republic
Republicans bring in new National Assembly
Radicals wanted new socialist order
National Assembly ordered Paris Commune to be disband

31. New Government form for France
New republic had 2 house legislature
Chamber of Deputies and Senate
Parties: royalists, constitutional monarchists, moderate republicans, radicals
No single party could win a majority in the legislature

32. Anti-Semitism and Dreyfus Affair
1894- Alfred Dreyfus- high ranking army officer- accused of spying on Germany
Dreyfus was Jewish
Dreyfus stated he was innocent but was sent to Devil’s Island
1896- government found the actual spy; no new trial for Dreyfus

33. Anti-Semitism and Dreyfus Affair
1898- Emile Zola- charged army and gov. with suppressing the truth
Zola was convicted of libel
1906- Court cleared Dreyfus
Anti-Semites- members of the lower middle class

34. Dreyfus Affair
Theodor Herzl- Hungarian journalist- called for Jews to have their own separate state
Zionism

35. Reforms in France
1900s- France passed laws regulating wages, hours, and safety conditions of workers
Free public schooling
Tried to remove Church involvement in government
1909- Jeanne-Elizabeth Schmahl- French Union for Women’s Suffrage