1. Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,”
Ferris Wheel
Colombian Exposition
Chicago, USA
1893
Chapter 23
Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,”

2. Mass Society Parts of the emergence of “mass society”
Extension of voting rights to the lower classes
A better standard of living for the lower classes
Mass leisure (professional sports, amusement parks, etc.)
The “weekend” became established as a time of fun
By, 1871 the Focus of Europeans’ lives had become the National State, which provided for mass education, public health & housing, economic growth, etc.

3. Growth of Industrial Prosperity: New Products & New Markets
Substitution of steel for iron
Electricity – (new type of energy that powered the 2nd Industrial Rev.)
Thomas Edison ( ) and Joseph Swan – light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell ( ) – telephone, 1876
Guglielmo Marconi ( ) – radio waves across the Atlantic, 1901
Transformation of factories
Alexander G. Bell
Thomas Edison
Joseph Swan
Guglielmo Marconi

4. Wright Brothers & the First Flight
Internal combustion engine – Gottlieb Daimler – invented the light engine was a key development for the automobile
Automobile and airplane
Henry Ford ( ) –
mass production
Zeppelin airship, 1900
Wright brothers, 1903
Zeppelin Airship “Graf Zeppelin”
Wright Brothers & the First Flight
Henry Ford w/ a Model T

5. New markets Increased wages- led to leisure time and activities
Competition – led to protective tariffs
Cartels – independent enterprises worked together to control prices & fix production quotas.
What is an example of a modern cartel (not drug cartel)?
Precision tools --- enabled manufactures to produce interchangeable parts, which led to the creation of the assembly line for production.

6. Illustrated London News
Celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1897.
On the left are scenes from 1837, when Victoria came to the British throne; on the right are scenes from 1897.
Magazine’s conclusion:
“the most striking….evidence of progress during the reign is the ever increasing speed which the discoveries of physical science have forced into everyday life. Steam & electricity have conquered time and space to a greater extent during the last 60 years than all the preceding 600 years witnessed.”
An Age of Progress.
In the decades after 1871, the Second Industrial Revolution led many Europeans to believe that they were living in an age of progress when most human problems would be solved by scientific achievements. This illustration is taken from a special issue of the Illustrated London News celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria in On the left are scenes from 1837, when Victoria came to the British throne; on the right are scenes from The vivid contrast underscored the magazine’s conclusion: ‘‘The most striking evidence of progress during the reign is the ever increasing speed which the discoveries of physical science have forced into everyday life. Steam and electricity have conquered time and space to a greater extent during the last sixty years than all the preceding six hundred years witnessed.’’
p. 706

7. New Patterns in an Industrial Economy
Depression,
Economic boom after 1895
La belle époque (separate power point)
German Industrial Leadership
Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader of Europe
New areas of manufacturing
Increased competition among the European states for foreign markets & gowning domestic demand for economic development led to a strong reaction against free trade & the imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations
Europe’s two economic zones
Advance industrial core of Great Britain, Belgium France, the Netherlands, Germany, western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy
Little industrial development in southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia
Exports bound for Europe: Argentina sends Beef; Brazil sends Coffee; Algeria sends Iron Ore; Java sends sugar & wool from Australia

8. Map 23.1: The Industrial Regions of Europe at the End of the Nineteenth Century.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the Second Industrial Revolution—in steelmaking, electricity, petroleum, and chemicals—had spurred substantial economic growth and prosperity in western and central Europe; it also sparked economic and political competition between Great Britain and Germany.
Q Look back at Map What parts of Europe not industrialized in 1850 had become industrialized in the ensuing decades?
Map 23-1, p. 709

9. The Tomioka silk factory built in the 1870s in Japan
Industrialization in Japan was the result of Government planning & initiative
(Meiji Reformation)
A Textile Factory in Japan.
The development of the factory forced workers to adjust to a new system of discipline in which they worked regular hours under close supervision. Shown here is one of the earliest industrial factories in Japan, the Tomioka silk factory, built in the 1870s. As can be seen by comparing this illustration to the one on p. 613, in Chapter 20, although women are doing the work in both factories, the managers are men.
p. 710

10. Women and Work: New Job Opportunities
“Right to work”
Employment opportunities for women during the 2nd Industrial Revolution changed in quality & quantity w/ the expansion of the service sector.
Ideal of domesticity – Working class organizations emphasized the gender role of women as housewives.
Sweatshops
White-Collar Jobs
Increased white-collar jobs creates shortage of male workers opening up opportunities for women
Secretaries and teachers
Freedom from domestic patterns
Prostitution – the rise in Prostitution can best be attributed to heavy migration to cities by country women & their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival.
,000 prostitutes in London alone
Prostitution was licensed & regulated by government & municipal authorities in some countries
Britain passed the CONTAGIOUS DISEASES ACTS in the 1870’s & 1880’s which gave authorities to check women for venereal diseases & put them in “lock hospitals”.
Josephine Butler – objected to laws that punished women but not men who suffered from venereal disease. Called the “shrieking sisters” but were able to get the acts repealed in 1886.

11. The Telephone Exchange
New Jobs for Women: The Telephone Exchange.
The invention of the telephone in 1876 soon led to its widespread use. As is evident from this illustration of a telephone exchange in Paris in 1904, most of the telephone operators were women. This was but one of a number of new job opportunities for women created by the Second Industrial Revolution.
p. 711

12. Organizing the Working Class
Socialist Parties
Socialist parties
German Social Democratic Party (SPD)
German Social Democrats – By 1912 single largest political party in Germany
Jean Jaurès ( ) – leader of French socialists
Social Democratic Labor Party
Second International- met in 1889 differences among the delegates wreaked havoc. One coordinated action was setting aside MAY 1st as “MAY DAY” international “labor day”.
Effects of the growth of socialist parties – the issue that brought socialists together in the 19th century was the desire to improve working & living conditions for most workers.
Eduard Bernstein ( ), Evolutionary Socialism, 1899
Demise of capitalism not near
Bourgeoisie expanding
Proletariat improving
Discarded class struggle
Evolution not revolution
Formation of labor unions – Trade Union movement prior to WWI varied from country to country, but was generally allied w/ socialist parties.
First ½ of the 19thC. functioned primarily as mutual aid societies

13. “Proletarians of the World, Unite!”
Pictured here is a socialist-sponsored poster that proclaims in German the closing words of the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx
‘‘Proletarians of the World, Unite.’’
To improve their working and living conditions, many industrial workers, inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx, joined working-class or socialist parties. Pictured here is a socialist-sponsored poster that proclaims in German the closing words of The Communist Manifesto: ‘‘Proletarians of the World, Unite!’’
p. 712

14. Emergence of a Mass Society
Population Growth
Rising Birthrate
Decline in the death rate
Medical discoveries
Development of vaccinations
environmental conditions
Improved publication sanitation
Improved elimination of sewage
Improved nutrition
Increased emigration

15. Between 1850 & 1910, European population increased from
270 million to
460 million
Table 23-1, p. 714

16. By 1914, 80% of Britain’s population lived in cities
The CHIEF Cause of the Increasing population was the rising BIRTHRATE!
By 1914, 80% of Britain’s population lived in cities
Map 23.2: Population Growth in Europe, 1820–1900.
Europe’s population increased steadily throughout the nineteenth century. Advances in medical science, hygiene, nutrition, living conditions, and standards of living help account for the population increase, even though emigration to the United States, South America, and other regions reduced the total growth numbers.
Q Which regions experienced the greatest population growth between 1820 and 1900, and how can you account for this?
Map 23-2, p. 715

17. The Emigrants
Painting by C. J. Staniland, People are shown saying farewell to family members & loved ones they might never see again. Ships were often crowded, making conditions uncomfortable during the journey
The Emigrants.
In this painting from 1880, C. J. Staniland presented a sentimental image of the scene experienced by the tens of millions of Europeans who migrated to other parts of the world, especially the United States, Canada, and Latin America. In the painting, people are shown boarding a ship, saying farewell to family members and loved ones they might never see again. Ships were often crowded, making conditions uncomfortable during the journey.
p. 716

18. 1880 – abt. 500,000 people were leaving Europe each year
Some of the excess labor from underdeveloped areas migrated to the industrial regions of Europe. When those cities couldn’t handle the over population – more emigrated from Europe.
1880 – abt. 500,000 people were leaving Europe each year
– abt. 1.3 million people were leaving Europe each year, mostly from Southern & Eastern Europe.
Table 23-2, p. 716

19. Transformation of the Urban Environment
Growth of cities / Urbanization
Urban Reformers
Edwin Chadwick, Rudolf Virchow
Pointed to relationship between living conditions and disease
Buildings begin to be inspected for problems
Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain (pg. 717)
Clean water into the city
Expulsion of sewage
Housing Needs
Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship of living conditions to political and moral health of the nation
Octavia Hill --- (read box doc. Pg. 718) Give the poor an environment they could use to improve themselves.
V. A. Huber, German reformer
Redesigning the cities;
British Act of empowered local authorities to purchase and demolish slum dwellings, and rehouse their inhabitants. 
Construct new buildings
Running water
Sewage drained

20. Paris under construction – L’avenue de l'Opéra
Paris Transformed.
These two photographs, both of L’avenue de l’Opéra, show the degree of destruction that was needed to create the grand boulevards and monuments of late-nineteenth-century Paris. The first photograph was taken in 1865, and the second is from the 1880s. Evident in the latter photograph are the new uniform buildings, gas street lamps, and broad boulevards that linked the city’s great cultural sites, such as the Opéra, shown in the background, the most expensive building constructed during the Second Empire.
p. 719

21. Paris AFTER construction – L’avenue de l'Opéra
Paris Transformed.
These two photographs, both of L’avenue de l’Opéra, show the degree of destruction that was needed to create the grand boulevards and monuments of late-nineteenth-century Paris. The first photograph was taken in 1865, and the second is from the 1880s. Evident in the latter photograph are the new uniform buildings, gas street lamps, and broad boulevards that linked the city’s great cultural sites, such as the Opéra, shown in the background, the most expensive building constructed during the Second Empire.
p. 719

22. The Social Structure of the Mass Society
The Elite
5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth
Landed aristocracy
The upper middle class
Wealthy upper middle class - Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy
Industrial plutocrats
The Middle Classes
Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class
Professionals
White-collar workers
Middle class values came to dominate – were very concerned w/ propriety & shard values of hard work & Christian morality.
The Lower classes
80 percent of the European population (largest segment of European Society)
Agriculture
Urban working class: Skilled, semiskilled, unskilled workers 

23. The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women
Many women still aspired to the ideal of femininity
Marriage the only honorable and available career
Elizabeth Poole Sanford said women should AVOID being self-sufficient
Decline in the birth rate in part to some birth control:
Coitus interruptus (“stupid, stupid, stupid” said Health Teacher Ms. Woodward)
Abortion (taking poison, falling down steps, back room operations)
Abandonment (leaving baby on doorsteps)
Infanticide (killing baby – usually suffocation)
The Middle-class and Working-class Families
Domesticity
Stressed functional knowledge for their children to prepare them for their future roles.
Leisure time and holiday traditions
Daughters of working class families worked until married
1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wages
Limit size of the family
Reduced work week

24. Coney Island fun: a Ferris wheel and onlookers.
p. 704

25. Many Happy Returns of the Day by William P
Many Happy Returns of the Day by William P. Frith (shows 3 generations of a family together)
Images of Everyday Life: The Middle-Class Family.
p. 724

26. From a book of games
Boy Scouts founded by Robert Baden-Powell in England – shows boy in full uniform
Images of Everyday Life: The Middle-Class Family.
p. 724

27. Boy Scouts founded by Robert Baden-Powell in England – shows boy in full uniform
Boy Scouts – founded in 1908 in England for boys 12 to 18. Adventure combined w/ discipline. Instilled ideals of patriotism & self sacrifice.
“The REAL Boy Scout is not a sissy. He adores his mother but is not hitched to her apron strings.”
Images of Everyday Life: The Middle-Class Family.
p. 724

28. Education in the Mass Society
After 1850, secondary education expanded
Mass education in state-run systems
States began to offer public education
States assumed the responsibility for teacher training
Liberal beliefs about education
Personal and social development
Needs of industrialization
Need for an educated electorate
Differences in education of boys and girls
Demand for teachers
Increased literacy
By 1900 Germany, Great Britain, France, Denmark all had achieved full literacy.
Growth of newspapers

29. A Women’s College – shows female medical students dissecting cadavers in anatomy class at the Women’s Medical College of Philadelphia, PA
A Women’s College.
Women were largely excluded from male-dominated universities before Consequently, women’s desire for higher education led to the establishment of women’s colleges, most of which were primarily teacher-training schools. This photograph shows female medical students dissecting cadavers in anatomy class at the Women’s Medical College of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
p. 726

30. Mass Leisure Amusement parks Music and dance halls
Thomas Cook ( )
Pioneer of mass tourism
Sports
Became organized with rules
Professional sports
1863 – English Football Association
1869 – National Baseball League (America's pastime)

31. The Graphic: an International Soccer Match in 1872
(14 rules of play set by English Football Assoc est. Oct. 26, 1863)
Soccer Moments.
Until 1863, football (soccer) in Britain was an aggressive sport with few set rules. One of the first things the new English Football Association did after it was established on October 26, 1863, was to set up fourteen rules of play. At the left, a sketch from a magazine called The Graphic shows a scene from an international soccer match in The two players with the ball have the rose of England on their shirts. At the right, another sketch from The Graphic shows the first match of the Ladies’ Football Club in 1895.
p. 728

32. The Graphic First match of the Ladies Football Club in 1895
Soccer Moments.
Until 1863, football (soccer) in Britain was an aggressive sport with few set rules. One of the first things the new English Football Association did after it was established on October 26, 1863, was to set up fourteen rules of play. At the left, a sketch from a magazine called The Graphic shows a scene from an international soccer match in The two players with the ball have the rose of England on their shirts. At the right, another sketch from The Graphic shows the first match of the Ladies’ Football Club in 1895.
p. 728

33. Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy
Reform in Britain: William Gladstone
Reform Act of 1867: Suffrage extended
Reform Act of 1884 – gave English agricultural workers the right to vote
Redistribution Act of 1885: Reorganized the election boroughs
No more “pocket boroughs”
Salaries paid to members of the House of Commons, 1911
More people could run for office
Home Rule for Ireland
Charles Parnell called for “Home Rule” for Ireland – he wanted Ireland to get its own parliament but remain part of Great Britain.
Reform in France
Second Empire brought to an end w/ the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
Universal male suffrage in 1871
Radical republicans formed an independent government
The Commune: Fighting between the Commune and the government
Suppression of the Commune in 1871 furthered widened the split between French working and middle classes.
France will establish a Third Republic, 1875
Boulanger Crisis ended with French citizens rallying to the cause of the Republic

34. The Growth of Political Democracy
Spain
King Alfonso XII
Liberals and Conservatives
Spanish-American War
Barcelona 1909
Italy
Had pretensions of great power status
Sectional differences in Italy
Chronic turmoil beyond the government’s control
Both Spain & Italy remained second-rate European powers, less transformed by the economic and cultural innovations of the age.

35. Central & Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order
Germany
Trappings of parliamentary government
1871 constitution
Emperor commands the military in Prussian tradition
Bismarck’s conservatism
Kulturkampf – attack against Roman Catholics b/c he wants them to obey Kaiser over Pope.
Bismarck passed Social welfare programs to woo workers away from the Social Democratic Party (socialists)
Bismarck made coalitions to get what he wanted – then he dropped them.
Austria-Hungary
Austrian constitution of 1867
Problem of minorities worsened with universal male suffrage, 1907 (Nationality problem remained unsolved)
Russia
Alexander III, : Overturns reform and returns to repressive measures
Nicholas II, : Believed in absolute rule (autocracy)
Russification = One language, One Czar, One Church

36. Bismarck & Kaiser William II (Wilhelm)
1890, William II FIRES Bismarck over his plan to take more repressive measures against the Social Democrats.
Cartoon shows William on the throne of cannonballs and artillery w/ a baby socialist (dynamite) in his hand, Bismarck waving goodbye to Germany, and a woman (Germania) looking on with concern.
Bismarck and William II.
In 1890, Bismarck sought to undertake new repressive measures against the Social Democrats. Disagreeing with this policy, Emperor William II forced him to resign. This political cartoon shows William II reclining on a throne made of artillery and cannonballs and holding a doll labeled ‘‘socialism.’’ Bismarck bids farewell as Germany, personified as a woman, looks on with grave concern.
p. 732

37. Chronology, p. 734

38. Timeline, p. 735

39. Discussion Questions
What were the major changes of the second industrial revolution on the lives of people?
What were the changes in urban sanitation and health?
How did the industrialization of society redesign the cities?
What were the changes in education and leisure?
Why is the “old order” so persistent in Central and Eastern Europe?