1. Evolution and Community Ecology5
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Black and White, and Spread All Over
Zebra mussels and quagga mussels were accidentally introduced into Lake St. Clair in the late 1980s.
They have since spread throughout the Great Lakes system and connecting rivers.
The invasive mussels have a high economic and ecological cost.
Talk About It The Great Lakes are home to more than 20 native mussel species. Why are the zebra and quagga mussels so much more destructive than the lakes’ native mussels?

3. Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Scientists have identified and described over 2 million species. Millions more have yet to be discovered.

4. Evolution and Natural Selection
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Evolution and Natural Selection
EVOLUTION
_______________ - Change over Time
More specifically, ________________ evolution refers to a change in a population’s _________________ over time.
BIOLOGICAL
GENE POOL

5. Evolution and Natural Selection
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Evolution and Natural Selection
GENE
__________: A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait
____________________: All the genes present in a population
GENE POOL
A starting population of fish. Genes control the color and pattern of the fish’s scales.

6. Mechanisms of Biological Evolution
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Mechanisms of Biological Evolution
____________________: Accidental change in DNA that can give rise to variation among individuals
MUTATION

7. Mechanisms of Biological Evolution
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Mechanisms of Biological Evolution
_____________________: Movement of individuals into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a population
AKA _______________
MIGRATION
GENE FLOW

8. Mechanisms of Biological Evolution
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Mechanisms of Biological Evolution
__________________________: Evolution that occurs by chance
Ex. 1)_________________
2) _________________
GENETIC DRIFT
Natural Disaster
Being Captured

9. Mechanisms of Biological Evolution
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Mechanisms of Biological Evolution
___________________
_____________________: Process by which traits useful for _____________________ are passed on more frequently than those that are not
Ex.
1)______________________
2) _____________________
NATURAL
SELECTION
Survival & Reproduction
Being More Attractive to Mates
Being Better Able to Avoid
Predators

10. Conditions of Natural Selection
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Conditions of Natural Selection
There are three conditions of natural selection.
#1. Organisms produce ________ offspring than can survive.
__________________ place restrictions on population size
MORE
Limiting Factors
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11. Conditions of Natural Selection
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Conditions of Natural Selection
There are three conditions of natural selection.
#2. Individuals of a species vary in their ___________________.
Ex. _______, ________ & _________________.
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE
SPEED
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APPEARANCE

12. Conditions of Natural Selection
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Conditions of Natural Selection
There are three conditions of natural selection.
#3. Individuals vary in their __________.
Fitness – How reproductively ___________ an organism is in its environment
FITNESS
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successful

13. Conditions of Natural Selection
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Conditions of Natural Selection
A heritable trait that increases an individuals fitness is an ______________.
ADAPTATION
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14. Survival of the Fittest
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Survival of the Fittest
An individual with ______ fitness will produce ________ offspring and pass on its genetic information more frequently than an individual with _______ fitness.
HIGH
MORE
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LOW

15. Survival of the Fittest
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Survival of the Fittest
Therefore, organisms __________ in ways that maximize their success in a given ________________.
EVOLVE
ENVIRONMENT
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16. Artificial Selection HUMAN BENEFICIAL
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Artificial Selection
Artificial Selection - Selection under __________ direction
Throughout history, humans have chosen and bred animals and plants with _______________ traits.
HUMAN
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BENEFICIAL

17. Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Artificial Selection
Great Dane – Bred for boar hunting & guarding estates
Saint Bernard – Bred for rescuing lost travelers and guarding estates.
Chihuahua – bred for companionship
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18. Meet Lucy Artificial Selection Newfoundland – bred for fishing
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Artificial Selection
Meet Lucy
Newfoundland – bred for fishing
Great Pyrenees – bred to protect livestock
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19. Artificial Selection vs. Natural Selection
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Artificial Selection vs. Natural Selection
What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?
Natural selection – traits that increase
fitness in an organism’s ENVIRONMENT
are selected for.
Artificial selection – humans select
desirable traits.
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20. Speciation SPECIES EVERY ALLOPRATRIC
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Speciation
SPECIES
Speciation - Process by which new ___________ are generated
Evolutionists believe that it has resulted in ___________ form of life on Earth— today and in the past
Can occur in a number of different ways; the most important way is called ___________________ speciation
EVERY
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ALLOPRATRIC

21. Allopatric Speciation
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Allopatric Speciation
#1 – Individuals in a population can mate and ________ genetic information
#2 – If these individuals are somehow separated, individuals from one population can no longer ________ with individuals in the other population
SHARE
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MATE

22. Allopatric Speciation
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Allopatric Speciation
How can populations become separated?
________________________________
Glacial Ice Sheets May Form
Half of a pond might dry up
Rivers May Change Course
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23. Allopatric Speciation
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Allopatric Speciation
#3 – Each population evolves and passes on traits that are best suited for that _________________ and the populations become so different that they become separate species
#4 – Even if the two populations come back together, they can no longer __________ and produce fertile offspring.
ENVIRONMENT
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MATE

24. Background Extinction
Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Extinction
DISAPPEARANCE
The _____________________ of species from Earth
Generally occurs gradually, one species at a time, when environmental conditions change more rapidly than the species can adapt
The rate at which this type of extinction occurs is called the __________________________
______________
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Trilobites
Marine arthropods that went extinct at the end of the Permian period.
Background Extinction
Rate

25. Lesson 5.1 Evolution
Extinction
FIVE
There are _______ known mass extinction events, each of which wiped out a large proportion of Earth’s species.
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26. All of the genetic information
Creationism
Evolution (change over time) and speciation occur but these processes did not create ___________ living thing on Earth.
While mutations can provide changes (both good and bad) there is not enough evidence that a single celled organism can turn into a human being solely based on mutations.
Many creationists believe that God created a subset of organisms with _________________________ needed to form all of the species we have today.
EVERY
All of the genetic information

27. Evolutionists

30. Microevolution vs. Macroevolution
Microevolution – occurrence of small inherited changes within a population/species/kind
Recombination of genetic information
Ex. Darwin’s Finches
Ex. Wolves and Dogs
Macroevolution - major evolutionary transition from one type of organism to another occurring at the level of the species and higher taxa
Ex. Monkeys to Humans
Ex. Bacteria to Fish

31. Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
The zebra mussel has completely displaced 20 native mussel species in Lake St. Clair.

32. Reproduction (How and When) Interactions with other organisms
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
The Niche
RESOURCES
Describes an organism’s use of _________________ and functional __________ in a community
Includes:
_________________
Ex. A big part of a spider’s niche is to prey on food caught in its web.
ROLE
Habitat
Food Eaten
Reproduction (How and When)
Interactions with other organisms

33. The Niche TOLERANCE SPECIALIST GENERALIST
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
The Niche
Affected by an organism’s _________________—its ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions
___________________ - very restricted tolerance range Ex. Giant Panda
___________________ - wide tolerance range, can live in a wide variety of places with a wide variety of resources Ex. Rat
TOLERANCE
SPECIALIST
GENERALIST

34. COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
The Niche
Organisms with similar roles in the environment compete when they seek the same _____________ resource.
____________________________ - In rare cases, one species can entirely exclude another from using resources.
LIMITED
COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION

35. The Niche FUNDAMENTAL NICHE REALIZED NICHE
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
The Niche
FUNDAMENTAL NICHE
____________________________ - when a species fulfills all its roles and uses all of the resources possible.
______________________ - resources and roles fulfilled by a species competing with other species (adjusted)
REALIZED NICHE

36. Resource Partitioning
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
The Niche
__________________ - when species partition or divide the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways.
Ex. One may eat in the morning and one at night.
Resource Partitioning
Resource Partitioning

37. Species Interactions COMPETITION
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
Species Interactions
_______________ – when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use a resource in the same place at the same time (i.e. food, water, shelter, mate)
COMPETITION
Ram Fight

38. Species Interactions PREDATION PREDATOR PREY
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
Species Interactions
____________ – one organism (the _______________) captures and feeds on another organism (the _______)
PREDATION
PREDATOR
PREY

39. Species Interactions CYCLES
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
Species Interactions
CYCLES
Predation causes ____________ in predatory and prey population sizes

40. Species Interactions Predation & Evolution
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
Species Interactions
Predation & Evolution
Likewise, individuals predators that are better at hunting will likely be more successful than less skilled hunters so natural selection leads to evolution of characteristics that enable predators to be better hunters
Prey that are better at defending themselves will be more successful and pass these traits onto their offspring.

41. Species Interactions SYMBIOSIS
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
Species Interactions
____________ – A close relationship between two different species
Three Types:
1) Parasitism
2) Mutualism
3) Commensalism
SYMBIOSIS

42. Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
Parasitism - One organism __________ at the expense of another (the other is _________ ) Ex. _________________
BENEFITS
HARMED
Human & Mosquito

43. Sea Anemone & Clown Fish
Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
Species Interactions
Mutualism – Both organisms __________ Ex. ________________________
BENEFIT
Sea Anemone & Clown Fish

44. Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions
Commensalism – One organism _________ & the other is neither harmed nor benefited Ex. ___________________
BENEFITS
Sea Turtle & Barnacles

45. Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
The sun provides the energy for almost all of the ecological communities and species interactions on Earth.

46. ENERGY ENERGY All life requires _________.
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
ENERGY
All life requires _________.
Organisms are grouped based on how they obtain energy.
ENERGY

47. Primary Producers (Autotrophs)
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Primary Producers (Autotrophs)
Capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it in the bonds of __________, making it available to the rest of the community
Energy from the _____ is captured by plants, algae, or bacteria through ____________________.
ENERGY
SUN
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

48. Primary Producers (Autotrophs)
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Primary Producers (Autotrophs)
CHEMICALS
Energy from ______________ is captured by some bacteria through ______________________.
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
Did You Know? Deep-sea vents, far from sunlight, support entire communities of fish, clams, and other sea animals, which depend on energy converted through chemosynthesis.

49. Consumers (Heterotrophs)
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Consumers (Heterotrophs)
ENERGY
Rely on other organisms for ____________ and nutrients
_____________: plant-eaters
_____________: meat-eaters
_____________: combination-eaters
_____________________________: recycle nutrients within the ecosystem by breaking down nonliving organic matter
Use ____________ to break bonds in sugar and release its energy through cellular respiration (primary producers do this, too)
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Decomposers & Detritivores
OXYGEN

50. Energy in Communities CONSERVED HEAT 100% TROPHIC LEVEL
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Energy in Communities
CONSERVED
Even though overall energy is ________________ in a system, it is often lost as _______ during conversion from one thing to another.
So, no process involving energy conversion is ________ efficient.
This limits how many trophic levels there can be in a community.
_____________________ - a rank in the feeding hierarchy.
HEAT
100%
TROPHIC LEVEL

51. Energy in Communities PRIMARY PRODUCER Trophic Levels:
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Energy in Communities
Trophic Levels:
Always Starts with a _________________________.
Followed by __________________________
PRIMARY PRODUCER
PRIMARY CONSUMER (1ST LEVEL)
SECONDARY CONSUMER (2ND LEVEL)
TERTIARY CONSUMER (3RD LEVEL)
QUATERNARY CONSUMER (4TH LEVEL)

52. Energy in Communities 10%
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Energy in Communities
Ten Percent Rule: In general, only about ______ of the energy available at any trophic level is passed to the next; most of the rest is lost to the environment as heat.
10%
Pyramid of Energy

53. Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Ex.
A total of 15,000 Calories of energy exists at the producer level in a community. How much energy will be available for the organisms at each of the following levels?
Producer = 15,000 Calories
Primary Consumer = ________________________ Calories
Secondary Consumer = ________________________ Calories
Tertiary Consumer = ________________________ Calories
If the tertiary consumers in a given community have 500 calories of energy available to them, how much energy was available at the secondary consumer level?
1,500
150 15
5,000

54. Numbers and Biomass in Communities
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Numbers and Biomass in Communities
A trophic level’s _____________ is the mass of living tissue it contains.
In general, there are _________organisms and greater biomass at __________ trophic levels than at higher ones.
BIOMASS
MORE
LOWER

55. MOST ORGANISMS EAT MORE THAN ONE THING
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Food Chains and Webs
LINEAR
Food chain: ____________ series of feeding relationships
Not very realistic because ___________________________________
MOST ORGANISMS EAT MORE THAN ONE THING

56. Food Chains and Webs OVERLAPPING
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Food Chains and Webs
Food web: Shows the _______________ and interconnected food chains present in a community
OVERLAPPING

57. Owl, Wild Cat, Jackal, Snake, Lion & Kite Rabbit
In this food web, who is/are . . .
Herbivores? _______________________________________________________
Carnivores? _______________________________________________________
Omnivores? ______________________________________________________
Identify the food chain in which the lion is a tertiary consumer. ________________________________________________________
Mouse & Goat
Owl, Wild Cat, Jackal, Snake, Lion & Kite
Rabbit
Green Plant, Rabbit, Wild Cat, Lion
Green Plant, Rabbit, Jackal, Lion

58. Keystone Species REMOVAL
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Keystone Species
Species that have strong and/or wide-reaching effects on a community
______________ of a keystone species can significantly alter the structure of a community.
REMOVAL

59. Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
Keystone Species
When orcas ate large numbers of sea otters off the coast of Alaska in the 1990s, the urchin population increased and caused the kelp to be overgrazed.

60. Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
A 2010 report on invasive species suggests that they cost the U.S. $120 billion a year in environmental losses and damages.
Invasive kudzu

61. Ecological Disturbances
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Ecological Disturbances
A community in _______________ is generally stable and balanced, with most populations at or around ____________________.
Disturbances or changes in the environment can throw a community into disequilibrium.
____________ disturbances can cause permanent changes to a community and initiate a predictable series of changes called ___________________.
EQUILIBRIUM
CARRYING CAPACITY
SEVERE
SUCCESSION

62. Lava Spreads Across the Land
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Primary Succession
NO TRACES
Occurs when there are ______________ of the original community remaining, including ______________ & _____
This may happen when: ___________________, _______________ or ______________________________.
Species that colonize newly exposed land are called ____________________.
VEGETATION
SOIL
Glaciers Retreat
Lakes Dry Up
Lava Spreads Across the Land
PIONEER SPECIES

63. Primary Succession LICHENS SOIL
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Primary Succession
LICHENS
___________ are a very successful pioneer species (this can take more than 15 years).
They break down the rock into ______.
The environment changes as new species move in, adding nutrients and generating habitat.
SOIL

64. NOT COMPLETELY DESTROY IT
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Secondary Succession
Occurs when a disturbance dramatically alters a community but does ____________________________.
Common after disturbances such as _________, ____________, or ______________.
At least _______ is left from the previous ecosystem.
NOT COMPLETELY DESTROY IT
FIRE
LOGGING
FARMING
SOIL

65. Secondary Succession HERBS GRASSES FASTER
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Secondary Succession
GRASSES
HERBS
___________ & ________ colonize a few years after the disturbance has occurred.
Occurs significantly ______________ than primary succession
FASTER

66. Succession in Water PRIMARY FIRST GLACIERS
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Succession in Water
PRIMARY
__________ aquatic succession occurs when an area fills with water for the _______ time.
This can happen when ____________ retreat and leave a depression in the ground.
FIRST
GLACIERS

67. Succession in Water SECONDARY TERRESTRIAL
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Succession in Water
Disturbances such as floods or excess nutrient runoff can lead to _______________ aquatic succession.
As the aquatic community fills with algae, microbes and plants, it may eventually fill up and become a ____________________ environment.
SECONDARY
TERRESTRIAL

68. Climax Communities CLIMAX TEMPORARY MANY FACTORS
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Climax Communities
Ecologists once thought succession leads to stable _______________ communities.
Today, ecologists see communities as ______________, ever-changing associations of species.
Communities are influenced by ____________________and constant disturbances.
CLIMAX
TEMPORARY
Beech-maple forest, a classic “climax community”
MANY FACTORS

69. Invasive Species EXOTIC LIMITING FACTORS UNCHECKED
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Invasive Species
EXOTIC
Invasive Species – Nonnative (__________) organisms that spread widely in a community
Not all exotic species are invasive
A lack of ______________________ such as predators, parasites, or competitors enables their population to grow ______________ (exponentially).
LIMITING FACTORS
UNCHECKED

70. Invasive Species Example #1: ____________________
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Invasive Species
Invasive Species Example #1: ____________________
Native to Western Asia and Eastern Europe
Zebra Mussels came to the Great Lakes attached to ships
Kills animals like turtles and native clams by attaching to their shells
Millions of dollars of damage is caused by because they clog up pipes and ruin boats, docks and fishing gear.
Removal by hand, Applying chemicals, introducing predators, and stressing them with heat, sound, electricity and UV light have all been tried to no avail.
THE ZEBRA MUSSEL

71. Invasive Species Example #1: ____________________
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Invasive Species
Invasive Species Example #1: ____________________
THE ZEBRA MUSSEL

72. Invasive Species Example #2: ____________________
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Invasive Species
Invasive Species Example #2: ____________________
Native to Central & South America
Brought to Australia ON PURPOSE to help sugar farms get rid of the cane beetle
The toads did not eat the beetles but instead took over
Without their native predators (black rat & water monitor) they have grown exponentially.
Their poison kills most native species that try to eat them.
THE CANE TOAD

73. Invasive Species Example #2: ____________________
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Invasive Species
Invasive Species Example #2: ____________________
THE CANE TOAD

74. Invasive Species Example #3: ____________________
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Invasive Species
Invasive Species Example #3: ____________________
Native to Japan
Was used in the Southeast US to prevent soil erosion
It now covers the US from Texas to New Jersey.
KUDZU

75. Invasive Species Example #3: ____________________
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Invasive Species
Invasive Species Example #3: ____________________
KUDZU

76. Invasive Species Example #4: ____________________
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Invasive Species
Invasive Species Example #4: ____________________
Native to Europe
Came to North America with the colonists and became invasive
Very beneficial – pollinate more than half of America’s commercial crops.
THE HONEYBEE

77. Invasive Species Example #4: ____________________
Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
Invasive Species
Invasive Species Example #4: ____________________
THE HONEYBEE