1. Debate Quick Tips…

2. We’re arguing… Is civil disobedience effective without violence?

3. The Breakdown of “Civil Disobedience” Definition Civil Disobedience- Refusal to obey laws, or commands of the government **Usually a peaceful protest Think About It: Is civil disobedience good for our society? Why or why not? 3 ways to protest 1.Legal process- court system/chain of command 2.Civil disobedience- peacefully protesting 3.Civil disobedience accompanied with violence Let it sink in: *Think about which type of protest would be more effective.

4. Facts We Know Civil disobedience can be peaceful Civil disobedience can be violent Factoid #1 Factoid #2

5. **How To Make Your Argument: Make sure your idea relates to the debate topic STEP 1 Find information of non-violent or violent protesting that worked. STEP 2 What specifically happened that eventually changed the laws? STEP 3 What do you want the audience to know based on the information? Tell us. Debate topic: Is civil disobedience effective without violence? These steps should help you create your argument

6. Keep a log of where you get your information from- it’s vital. Your arguments are invalid without a reference sheet! ! Reference sheet is MANDATORY & will be apart of your grade. **3 references per team mate!!! Follow each step: 1.Open Microsoft Word 2.Save the document as “REFERENCE SHEET” 3.File should be on your team captain’s account # and in the “My Documents” folder 4.Copy & paste links used off the internet into your word document 5.For articles, newspapers, or magazines (non-internet resources) You need to type: Name of the magazine or newspaper Date the article was published Article title & author Example: Time Magazine. 2015. The Year of the Protest. Johnson, Don ***References should be combined into 1 word document. It’s MANDATORY*** How To Keep A Reference Sheet

7. How to write an opening & Closing statement

8. You’re only as strong as your weakest link!  Strong debates come from a strong team  If your teammate is struggling, HELP them  Share your research with each other- you will be better prepared. Team should know both pro/con sides!  Anyone in your group should be able to argue at any moment of the debate  Copy & paste all sub-arguments on to msfergy7ela.pbworks.com msfergy7ela.pbworks.com  Respectfully hold each other accountable.  You are a TEAM, everyone depends on each other.

9. Opening Statement Must Haves :  An Intro  At least 3 main ideas/arguments (the arguments must have an assertion, reasoning, and evidence) Assertion- a statement that you’re trying to prove with an argument Reasoning- The “because” part of your argument, offering support for your assertion. Evidence- Support for your reasoning, using historical, statistical or scientific information. **Will be using lots of “logos” Conclusion- Wrap up your speech remind the audience of what your main ideas/arguments were! Assertion, reasoning, and evidence…how to use them. Assertion: Boxing is intended to harm the participants. *What is the argument?* Reasoning: Unlike other sports, in which physical collisions and body damage occurs, the point of boxing is to do harm to an opponent. The goal in boxing is the “knock-out”- unconsciousness that is the result of brain damage. *State your reasons behind the argument* Evidence: And boxers succeed in doing a great deal of harm. Leavander Johnson died from brain injures, both Quarry brothers passed away before the age off 55 from a lifetime of beatings. According to the Journal of Combat Sport as many as 1,000 boxers have died in the past century with many thousands more seriously injured. *Find facts that support your reasons and use LOGOS to make your argument credible *

10. The Opening Statement Tips & Tricks:  Do you have repetition or a slogan? o A good speech will remind the audience of their main argument, a slogan like King’s “I Have a Dream” repeats to the point that the audience will forever remember it.  Speech should be 2-3 minutes in length o If you’re handwriting it, it should be about 3-4 pages. o If you are below the 2 minute mark you will not be considered proficient!  Usually the opening is more of a logical/expert argument. o You are listing your facts and evidence o The closing is more emotional  Use great persuasive & academic language! (It will make you and your team sound intelligent!)  You will not be interrupted!  Practice your speech!

11. Closing Statement Must Haves:  Restate your debate teams 3 main ideas/arguments o Remind the audience of your most important ideas o Do not introduce new information o Use the same slogan or repetition that was used in the opening statement o You are a team you should sound similar in style! In order to do this you must communicate with each other!  Make an emotional connection with the audience (USING PATHOS!) o It can be a sad, funny, or serious connection.  Use imagery or figurative language (similes, metaphors, etc.)  The closing statement must be at least 1-2 minutes. Closing Statement Tips & Tricks:  The closing statement is the most important part of the presentation. People are most likely to remember the closing because it’s what they last heard last.  The closing should summarize the main ideas of the debate and leave the audience wanting to vote for your team for the win.  Emphasize the keys points (main ideas) of your debate!  There are no rebuttals during this section, you will not be interrupted.  Practice your speech from start to finish  Really work on the delivery of your speech!  Remember body language, eye contact and confidence gets the win!

12. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN MAIN ARGUMENTS & SUB-ARGUMENTS

13. As You May Know…  The debate topic is: Smoking should be banned on campus o This is the main topic you are trying to prove right or wrong. Smoking should be banned on campus Debate Topic/Thesis Because of the health repercussions Because of the environmental repercussions. Argument 1 or Point (A) Argument 2 or Point (B) Make your argument: Points (A) and (B) will be explored in body paragraphs, will likely form the topic sentences of those body paragraphs, and will be supported by more claims specific to each point, or sub- claims. *argument: a reason or set of reasons given with an aim to persuade others that an idea is right or wrong

14. Smoking should be banned on campus Because of the health repercussions Because of the environmental repercussions Argument 1 or Point (A) Argument 2 or Point (B) Debate Topic/Thesis Arguments Flow Chart The cigarette ash is killing the grass in campus green areas. The cigarette butts are harming animals on campus. Smoking affects students with allergies Smoking affects students with asthma. Sub-Argument 1 Sub-Argument 2 Sub- Argument 1 Sub- Argument 2 *Sub-arguments: are specific details that further prove your argument as valid.

15. Main Argument & Sub-Argument Tips: Every time a writer presents a claim(argument), the reader likely asks, “What support do you have for that claim?” So, when the writer argues, “Smoking should be banned on campus,” The reader asks, “What support do you have for that claim?” 2. And the writer responds with, “Because I’ve found that there are health and environmental repercussions.” Then, when the reader asks, “What support do you have for your claim that there are health and environmental repercussions to smoking on campus?” The writer can say, “Well, smoking negatively affects students suffering from asthma as well as those who have allergies, and the pollution caused by cigarettes is harming animals and killing the grass.”  Each major claim strengthens the writer’s thesis, and each sub-claim supports one of the writer’s major claims; additionally, the claims get increasingly specific as they move from main points to sub-claims. Think about it this way:

16. How to Make a Rebutta l

17. First, what is all of this? Counter claim: o The opposition’s argument. Example: If you’re for bringing cellphones to school, your opposing team will be against it. o Think about what the other side will argue and spin it to your advantage. Always attack their strongest points! Rebuttal: o Evidence used to contradict, counter, or refute the counter- claim. o Acknowledge their strongest point. o *Say: Yes, this is true but this is why your argument is weak. Example: Yes, bringing cellphones to school causes distractions but it helps students learn in different ways. You must be able to support rebuttal with evidence!!

18. Counterclaim/Rebuttal Outline Rebuttal StepsRebuttal Graphic Organizer 1. Topic SentenceIntroduce counter-claim 2. Give RebuttalWhat do you think the opposing side will say? 3. Give EvidenceWhy is the opposing side absolutely positively wrong? 4. Direct QuoteText written word for word to support why argument is weak. 5. ExplanationExplain how the quote shows the opposing side’s argument is weak.

19. What it should look like… 1. Topic sentence: o Put yourself in their shoes. o What reasons might they use? Example: My opponents, those opposed to cellphone usage in school, will most likely point out that cellphones distract students from their learning. 2. Rebuttal: o Now we have to give a reason why their claim is flawed. Make sure to you are able to back up your reason with evidence. Example: However, studies have shown that students who used their cellphones for educational purposes, their test scores increased. 3. Support your rebuttal with hardcore evidence! Example: According to the nea.org, “Students who used cellphones in class were 23% more likely to do homework, and study for a test. This usage allowed students to obtain better grades”( Graham 2015). Not only does the nea.org disprove my opposition’s claim, it strengthens my argument that you should have cellphone usage in the classroom. Evidence=greenExplanation=orange

20. Rebuttal Tips & Tricks:  Argument is only as strong as your evidence o Make sure the evidence you use for your rebuttal is valid and CONVINCING  Rebuttal’s should match up with their arguments. o Rebuttal 1 does argument 1 along with the sub-arguments  Don’t have to DISPROVE just weaken it! o The counterclaim given is true but you need to have a counter claim to debunk the opponents ideas. o Example: Yes, fracking creates jobs for the community BUT…what exactly do those jobs entail?  Use transition words and phrases like: o However… o Although… o In contrast… o Conversely… BOOM…t here ya go!