1. Ch. 52 Review Names the biomes labeled a-f in the climograph.

2. 1. What is something that you can do that you have been able to do since birth? 2. What is one behavior that you learned by watching someone else? 3. List some ways that animals communicate. Ch. 51 Warm-Up

3. 1. What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior? 2. Explain the difference between kinesis and taxis. 3. What are the 4 common modes of animal communication? Ch. 51 Warm-Up

4. 1. What do you think is the advantage for a species to be: Monogamous? Polygamous? 2. Describe an example of when you have participated in reciprocal altruism.

5. Chapter 51 Animal Behavior

6. You Must Know: How behaviors are the result of natural selection How innate and learned behaviors increase survival and reproductive fitness How organisms use communication to increase fitness The role of altruism and inclusive fitness in kin selection

7. What is behavior? Behavior: what an animal does and how it does it Response to stimuli in its environment Both genetic & environmental factors Essential for survival and reproduction Subject to natural selection over time

8. Why do we study behavior? Ethology: study of animal behavior Evolutionary perspective… Part of phenotype Acted upon by natural selection Lead to greater fitness? Lead to greater survival? Lead to greater reproductive success? Scientists Niko Tinberger –Seagull chicks feeding Karl von Frisch –Dancing Bees Konrad Lorenz -Imprinting

9. Understanding behavior Proximate cause: environmental causes that trigger a behavior Immediate stimulus & mechanism “how” a behavior occurs or is modified Ultimate cause: causes that focus on evolutionary significance How does a behavior contribute to survival & reproduction “why” a behavior in context of natural selection Male Songbird -What triggers singing? -How does he sing? Male Songbird -How does the day length influence breeding? -Why do cranes breed in the spring?

10. BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory. PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus that releases aggression in a male stickleback. ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.

11. Evolutionary Perspective What is the adaptive advantages of behavior? innate behaviors automatic, fixed, “built-in”, no “learning curve” despite different environments, all individuals exhibit the behavior ex. early survival, reproduction, kinesis, taxis learned behaviors modified by experience variable, changeable flexible with a complex & changing environment

12. Innate behaviors: FAPs 1.Fixed action patterns (FAPs): sequence of unlearned acts that are unchangeable and usually carried to completion sign stimulusTriggered by sign stimulus Ensures that activities essential to survival are performed correctly without practice Eg. goose & egg

13. Sign stimuli in a classic fixed action pattern- Stickleback fish Proximate Cause–The red belly of the intruding male acts as a stimulus that releases aggression in male sticklebacks. Ultimate Cause–By chasing away other male sticklebacks a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his territory will be fertilized by another male.

14. Kinesis: simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus Taxis: change in direction, automatic movement, oriented movement +/- from stimulus (eg. phototaxis, chemotaxis, geotaxis) 2. Innate Behaviors: Directed Movements Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay in a moist environment. Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the direction from which most food comes.

15. 3. Innate Behavior: Migration Regular, long-distance change in location Environmental cues: sun, stars, earth’s magnetic field, landmarks

16. Learned behaviors: behaviors that are modified based on specific experiences

17. Types of Learning 1. Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information Simple form of learning “cry-wolf” effect decrease in response to repeated occurrences of stimulus enables animals to disregard unimportant stimuli ex: falling leaves not triggering fear response in baby birds

18. Types of Learning 2. Imprinting: learning + innate components Limited to sensitive period in life, generally irreversible ie. Lorenz’ imprinting in greylag geese

19. BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother. PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling. ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of surviving than those that do not follow their mother.

20. Sensitive Phase Sensitive phase for optimal imprinting some behavior must be learned during a receptive time period Some species of Cuckoo are brood parasites –They lay their eggs in other birds nests. Here a Reed Warbler is raising a Cuckoo chick. These chicks typically hatch first and then eject the other chick from the nest. Song development is innate and occurs during adulthood

21. Captive breeding programs for endangered species must provide proper imprinting models Pilot wearing crane suit acts as a surrogate parent to teach young whooping cranes a migration route

22. 3. Spatial Learning Cognitive Map: internal representation of spatial relationship among objects in an animal’s surroundings Birds use spatial maps to relocate nut caches

23. Nest No nest Nest Some organisms move in response to a recognized object or environmental cue, a landmark.

24. 4. Associative Learning: ability to associate one stimulus with another (eg. monarchs = foul taste) A. Classical conditioning: arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome (eg. Pavlov’s dogs: salivate with ringing bell)

25. Classic Conditioning Pavlov’s Dogs -connect reflex behavior (salivating at sight of food) to associated stimulus (ringing bell)

26. B. Operant conditioning: another type of associative learning Trial-and-error learning Associate its own behavior with reward or punishment Skinner’s Box –mouse leans to associate behavior (pressing level) with reward (food pellets).

27. 5. Cognition: process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, judgment Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition

28. 6. Social learning: learning by observing others Vervet monkeys learning correct use of alarm calls.

29. Examples of learned animal behavior Nut-cracking crow (2:16) Nut-cracking crow TED Talk: Amazing intelligence of crows (11:34) TED Talk: Amazing intelligence of crows Chimpanzee problem solving (1:02) Chimpanzee problem solving Chimpanzee problem solving by cooperation (2:14) Chimpanzee problem solving by cooperation

30. Foraging: food-obtaining behavior Recognize, search for, capturing, and consuming food Minimize costs / Maximize benefits

31. Energy costs and benefits in foraging behavior

32. Social Behaviors Interactions between individuals 1. develop as evolutionary adaptations 2. communication / language 3. agonistic behaviors 4. dominance hierarchy 5. cooperation 6. altruistic behavior

33. 1. Evolutionary Adaptations Behaviors can be directed by genes Certain behaviors in prairie voles are under relatively strong genetic control ADH (vasopressin) triggers pair-bond formation and aggression by male voles

34. Differences in oxytocin (a hormone) receptors in 2 species of voles Monogamous prairie voles vs. promiscuous montane voles High oxytocin levels in prairie voles Low oxytocin levels in montane voles

35. 2. Communication A. Honeybee dance language (Karl von Frisch –Dancing Bees) Used to inform other bees about distance and direction of travel to food sources “waggle dance”

36. 2. Communication B. Bird Song species identification & mating ritual mixed learned & innate critical learning period C. Insect Song mating ritual & song innate, genetically controlled

37. 3. Agonistic behavior: threats, rituals, and sometimes combat; settles disputes over resources (mates) -Symbolic, usually no harm done, male competition for mating rights ex: territoriality, competitor aggression

38. A. Mating Behavior & Mate Choice Sexual selection: seeking and attracting mates, choosing and competing for mates PromiscuousMonogamous Polygamous (polygynous) Polyandry PartnersManyOne1 M + many F1F + many M StructureShowySimilarShowy maleShowy female CareNoneMuchMale = littleMale = none

40. B. Sexual selection Intrasexual selection- competition among males (ex bighorn sheep) Intersexual selection- males display certain traits to attract females (ex peacocks) Not caused by natural selection Differ in mating success Males compete, woman choose Males sperm endless, woman eggs limited Female choose traits that show healthy male- Honest indicators

41. 4. Dominance Hierarchy social ranking within a group pecking order

42. 5. Cooperation working together in coordination

43. 6. Altruistic social behavior Altruism = selfless behavior Reduce individual fitness but increase fitness of others in population i.e. bee societies; naked mole rats Inclusive fitness: total effect of producing own offspring (pass on genes) + helping close relatives Kin selection: type of natural selection; altruistic behavior enhances reproductive success of relatives

44. What does this mean? Explain. Geneticist J.B.S. Haldane: “I won’t lay down my life for one brother, but I would lay down my life for two brothers or eight cousins.”

45. Signal: stimulus that causes a change in behavior; basis of animal communication Visual signals – eg. Warning flash of white of a mockingbird's wing Tactile (touch) – eg. Male fruit fly taps female fly Auditory signals – screech of blue jay or song of warbler Courtship behavior of fruit flies

46. Social Interaction Requires Communication: Pheromones chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individuals alarm pheromones sex pheromones

47. Female Mosquito use CO2 Concentrations to locate prey Female lions lure males with sex pheromones, posture, and movement Ants use pheromones to mark their trails. Marking territory with urine

48. Circadian Rhythm: internal biological clock More on Clock Genes: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/inheritance/clockgenes/ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/inheritance/clockgenes/ The circadian clock in the hamster brain signals a change in coat color according to season by releasing the hormone melatonin. Plants can have two internal clocks: one sensitive to light and the other sensitive to temperature The Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) region is located in the hypothalamus of the brain. The SCN sends signals throughout the body in response to dark and light.

49. Review Question Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive behaviors. For each of the following types of behaviors, describe an example in nature, and justify how this behavior is adaptive. (a) Innate behavior (b) Learned behavior (c) Cooperative behavior (d) Chemical signals

50. Concept Check Questions 1. Everything an animal does & how it does it._________ 2. Change in rate of movement in response to a stimulus _______________________ 3. These are behaviors that are modified by experience and as a result are variable or changeable ___________ 4. The releaser that triggers a FAP. ______________________ 5. Both a learned and an innate behavior when social attachments are formed. ______________________________