1. Why are nitrogen and phosphorus both in group 5?
What is an element?
How are electrons arranged in an atom?.
What sub-atomic particle is the same in all atoms of a particular element?
C1.1 Fundamental Ideas
In Chemistry
Where do we find all the elements?
Complete the table to show the properties of the sub-atomic particles.
What is the overall charge on an atom? Explain your answer.
Sub-atomic particle
Relative charge
Relative mass
Proton 1
1/1840
Complete the equation
Sodium + Oxygen
Label the diagram to show the structure of an atom.
Describe how a metal and non-metal react to form an ionic bond.
Write the chemical symbols for the following elements:
Oxygen
Sodium
Fluorine
Nitrogen
Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of magnesium.
Why are the noble gases unreactive? .
Give the electronic configuration of the following elements.
Silicon
Helium
Lithium
Argon
Why are the alkali metals so reactive?
What type of boding occurs between non-metals?
What do the following tell you?
Atomic number:
Mass number:
Complete the table below.
Balance the equation below and explain what it shows.
What happens to mass in a chemical reaction?
Element
Number of
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Potassium
Hydrogen 30
Li + O Li2O
Complete the equation
Lithium + Water

2. Why are nitrogen and phosphorus both in group 5?
They both have five electrons in their highest energy level
What is an element?
Substanve made of only one type of atom.
How are electrons arranged in an atom?.
In different energy levels.
What sub-atomic particle is the same in all atoms of a particular element?
Protons
C1.1 Fundamental Ideas
In Chemistry
Where do we find all the elements?
In the periodic table
Complete the table to show the properties of the sub-atomic particles.
What is the overall charge on an atom? Explain your answer.
Neutral
The number of electrons, which are negtive, is equal to the number of protons, which are positive
Sub-atomic particle
Relative charge
Relative mass
Proton +1 1
Neutron
Electron -1
1/1840
Complete the equation
Sodium + Oxygen Sodium oxide
Label the diagram to show the structure of an atom.
Describe how a metal and non-metal react to form an ionic bond.
Metal loses electrons, and becomes a positive ion
Non-metal gains electrons and becomes of positive ion
Write the chemical symbols for the following elements:
Oxygen O
Sodium Na
Fluorine F
Nitrogen N
electron
neutron
Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of magnesium.
Why are the noble gases unreactive?
They have a full outer shell of electrons.
proton
nucleus
Give the electronic configuration of the following elements.
Silicon 2, 8, 4
Helium 2
Lithium 2, 1
Argon 2, 8, 8
Why are the alkali metals so reactive?
They only have one electron in their outer energy level.
What type of boding occurs between non-metals?
Covalent
What do the following tell you?
Atomic number: number of protons in an atom
Mass number: number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Complete the table below.
Balance the equation below and explain what it shows.
What happens to mass in a chemical reaction?
It is conserved.
Element
Number of
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Potassium 19 21
Hydrogen 1
Zinc 30 35
2Li + O Li2O
2 atoms of lithium
React with one molecule of oxygen
To form 1 molecule of lithium oxide
Complete the equation
Lithium + Water Lithium+ Hydrogen
Hydroxide

3. Give the chemical name and formula for limestone.
What is a thermal decomposition reaction?
Describe a positive test for carbon dioxide.
Write word and symbol equations to show what happens when water is added to calcium oxide.
C1.2 Limestone and
Building Materials
Give 2 environmental problems with the extraction of limestone.
Use the following formula CaCO3to complete the table below:
Write word and symbol equations for the thermal decomposition of limestone
Symbol
Element
Number of atoms in compound Ca C O
Why don’t all the group 1 metal carbonates decompose in the lab?
Complete the following equations
Calcium Carbon
Hydroxide Dioxide
Ca(OH)2 + CO2
Give an advantage to residents of having a limestone quarry in the local area.
Complete the flow chart to show how different substances can be made from limestone.
Limestone
Complete the following equations to show what happens when an acid reacts with a carbonate.
Magnesium + Hydrochloric
Carbonate Acid
Copper Carbon + Water
Sulphate Dioxide
+ Nitric Zinc Water
Carbonate Acid Nitrate
Heat with clay
Mix with ______
____________
Mix with sand
Concrete
Give one use of calcium hydroxide

4. Mix with sand and aggregate
Give the chemical name and formula for limestone.
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3
What is a thermal decomposition reaction?
Breaking down a substance using heat
Describe a positive test for carbon dioxide.
Limewater turns from clear to cloudy
Write word and symbol equations to show what happens when water is added to calcium oxide.
Calcium + Water Calcium
Oxide hydroxide
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
C1.2 Limestone and
Building Materials
Give 2 environmental problems with the extraction of limestone.
Quarries destroy habitats
Vehicles used to transport limestone increase carbon dioxide emissions
Dust pollution
Use the following formula CaCO3to complete the table below:
Write word and symbol equations for the thermal decomposition of limestone
Calcium Calcium + Carbon
carbonate oxide dioxide
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Symbol
Element
Number of atoms in compound Ca
Calcium 1 C
Carbon O
Oxygen 3
Why don’t all the group 1 metal carbonates decompose in the lab?
Bunsen burner does not reach high enough temperatures
Complete the following equations
Calcium Carbon Calcium Water
Hydroxide Dioxide Carbonate
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO H2O
Give an advantage to residents of having a limestone quarry in the local area.
Provides jobs
Increases local trade
Complete the flow chart to show how different substances can be made from limestone.
Limestone
Complete the following equations to show what happens when an acid reacts with a carbonate.
Magnesium + Hydrochloric Magnesium + Carbon + Water
Carbonate Acid Chloride Dioxide
Copper Sulphuric Copper Carbon + Water
Carbonate Acid Sulphate Dioxide
Zinc Nitric Zinc Carbon + Water
Carbonate Acid Nitrate Dioxide
Heat with clay
Cement
Mix with sand and aggregate
Mix with sand
Concrete
Mortar
Give one use of calcium hydroxide
Neutralising acidic soils or lakes

5. What is an ore?
Why do we have to use chemical reactions to extract most metals?
What is the name given to the group of metals in the centre of the periodic table?
What is meant by reduction?
What is an alloy?
What does it mean if a metal is found native? Give an example.
C1.3 Metals
and their uses
Write word and symbol equations for the reduction of iron oxide.
Why are aluminum and titanium expensive to extract? .
Give two problems with the extraction of copper.
Give two reasons for recycling metals
Why must compounds be molten for electrolysis to work?
Why is iron from the blast furnace limited in terms of usefulness?
Name two novel methods of extracting copper and describe each.
What is electrolysis?
Why can’t aluminium be extracted by reduction with carbon?
What element is used to reduce metal oxides?
Explain why copper can be extracted using scrap iron.
Why are metals such as copper and gold normally made into alloys?
What properties of copper make it useful for:
Piping?
Electrical wiring?
Draw a labeled diagram to show the structure of steel.
Give a property of
Low carbon steels:
High carbon steels:
Stainless steels:
What two things are metals good at conducting?
What properties of aluminium and titanium make them useful?
Why is electrolysis so expensive?

6. What is an ore?
A naturally occurring rock that contains enough metal to make it economic to extract.
Why do we have to use chemical reactions to extract most metals?
They are reactive so are found in the crust as compounds.
What is the name given to the group of metals in the centre of the periodic table?
Transition metals
What is meant by reduction?
The removal of oxygen
What is an alloy?
Mixture of a metal with other elements
What does it mean if a metal is found native? Give an example.
Metal found as it’s element e.g Gold
C1.3 Metals
and their uses
Write word and symbol equations for the reduction of iron oxide.
Iron Carbon Iron + Carbon
oxide dioxide
2Fe2O3 +3 C 4Fe + 3 CO2
Why are aluminum and titanium expensive to extract?
there are many stages in the processes
large amounts of energy are needed.
Give two problems with the extraction of copper.
Copper rich ores are becoming scarce
Mining and extraction cause major environmental problems
Give two reasons for recycling metals
Extracting them uses up limited resources
Extraction requires large amounts of energy
Extraction is harmful for the environment
Why must compounds be molten for electrolysis to work?
So the positive metal ions are free to move to the negative electrode
Why is iron from the blast furnace limited in terms of usefulness?
It contains about 4% carbon so is brittle
Name two novel methods of extracting copper and describe each.
Phytomining - plants absorb the metal compounds; plants then burned to produce ash to release metal compounds
Bioleaching – uses bacteria to produce a leachate from which metal can be extracted
What is electrolysis?
Using electricity to remove a metal from its ore.
Why can’t aluminium be extracted by reduction with carbon?
Aluminium is more reactive than carbon
What element is used to reduce metal oxides?
Carbon
Explain why copper can be extracted using scrap iron.
Iron is more reactive than copper so displaces it from its salt.
Why are metals such as copper and gold normally made into alloys?
They are too soft to use in their pure form
What properties of copper make it useful for:
Piping? Resistant too corrosion; hard but easy to shape
Electrical wiring? Ductile; good conductor of electricity
Draw a labeled diagram to show the structure of steel.
Give a property of
Low carbon steels: malleable
High carbon steels: hard
Stainless steels: resistant to corrosion
carbon
iron
What two things are metals good at conducting?
Heat
Electricity
What properties of aluminium and titanium make them useful?
Low density
Resistant to corrosion
Why is electrolysis so expensive?
It uses large amounts of energy

7. What is a hydrocarbon?
Why are alkanes considered to be saturated?
Name two gases that cause acid rain
Name the first 3 alkanes, give their formulae and draw their structure.
Why is crude oil called a mixture?
C1.4 Crude oil and Fuels
What process is used to separate crude oil?
What is the general formula for an alkane?
Give 2 examples of biofuels.
Give the formula for the following molecule
For alkanes, describe how the following properties of a molecule change with increasing size:
■ boiling point
■ viscosity
■ flammability
What type of bonding occurs in alkanes?
Describe how fractional distillation can be used to separate crude oil.
What are particulates?
What are the advantages of using biofuels instead of fossil fuels?
What dangerous gas is produced when a fuel burns in a limited supply of oxygen? Why is it dangerous?
What is the name used to describe the reaction between an element and oxygen to form an oxide?
What is a biofuel?
Why are carbon dioxide and water produced when an alkane burns?
Write word and symbol equations for the combustion of propane.
Give a disadvantage of using biofuels instead of fossil fuels?
Give an environmental consequence of:
Carbon dioxide
Particulates

8. What is a hydrocarbon?
Compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
Why are alkanes considered to be saturated?
They have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible per molecule
Name two gases that cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Name the first 3 alkanes, give their formulae and draw their structure.
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H8
Propane C3H10
Why is crude oil called a mixture?
It contains many different hydrocarbons that are not chemically bonded to each other.
C1.4 Crude oil and Fuels
What process is used to separate crude oil?
Fractional distillation
What is the general formula for an alkane? CnH2n + 2
Give 2 examples of biofuels.
Biodiesel
Ethanol
Give the formula for the following molecule
C6H14
For alkanes, describe how the following properties of a molecule change with increasing size:
■ boiling point
Bigger molecules have higher bps
■ viscosity
Bigger molecules are more viscous
■ flammability
Bigger molecules are harder to light
What type of bonding occurs in alkanes?
Covalent
Describe how fractional distillation can be used to separate crude oil.
Crude oil is evaporated
The gases are condensed at different temperatures
Larger molecules collect first at base of column (higher temperatures)
What are particulates?
Small solid particles of soot and unburnt hydrocarbons
What are the advantages of using biofuels instead of fossil fuels?
Renewable
Uses plant waste
Less pollution
What dangerous gas is produced when a fuel burns in a limited supply of oxygen? Why is it dangerous?
Carbon monoxide
Prevents transport of oxygen in the blood
What is the name used to describe the reaction between an element and oxygen to form an oxide?
Oxidation
What is a biofuel?
Fuel made from plant matter
Why are carbon dioxide and water produced when an alkane burns?
The hydrogen and carbon in the fuel react with oxygen in the air.
Write word and symbol equations for the combustion of propane.
Propane + Oxygen Carbon + Water
Dioxide
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
Give a disadvantage of using biofuels instead of fossil fuels?
Uses crops that could be food / require lots of land
Give an environmental consequence of:
Carbon dioxide
Global warming
Particulates
Global dimming

9. C1.5 Other useful substances
What is the raw material for making plastics?
Give a definition of a polymer.
What is the function of a catalyst? .
What is cracking?
Why is it important to recycle plastics?
C1.5 Other useful substances
from crude oil
What groups of molecules are produced by cracking?
What is an alkene.
What is a biodegradable polymer?
Give a definition of a hydrocarbon
What is the general formula for an alkene?
What substance is used to make a plastic biodegradable?
Name this molecule
Draw the structure of propene and give its molecular formula.
Describe how you would test a hydrocarbon to find out if it was unsaturated. Include the expected result in your answer.
Why are hydrogels useful?
What special property does a shape memory polymer have?
Draw a diagram to show the product of reaction between ethene and bromine water?
What is the name of the process when ethanol is made from sugar?
What catalyst is used to crack hydrocarbons in the lab?
Complete the diagram below to show the formation of PVC from chloroethene
Give an advantage and a disadvantage of making ethanol from sugar cane.
Write an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene. l

10. C1.5 Other useful substances
What is the raw material for making plastics?
Crude oil
Give a definition of a polymer.
Very large long chain molecule made up of lots of small repeating units called monomers
What is the function of a catalyst?
To speed up a chemical reaction.
What is cracking?
Breaking long chain hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful molecules.
Why is it important to recycle plastics?
They are made from crude oil, which is a finite resource.
We are running out of landfill space
C1.5 Other useful substances
from crude oil
What groups of molecules are produced by cracking?
Alkanes and alkenes
What is an alkene.
Unsaturted hydrocarbon.
What is a biodegradable polymer?
Polymer that can be decomposed by soil microbes
Give a definition of a hydrocarbon Compound made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only
What is the general formula for an alkene? CnH2n
What substance is used to make a plastic biodegradable?
Cornstarch
Name this molecule
ethene
Draw the structure of propene and give its molecular formula.
C3H6
Describe how you would test a hydrocarbon to find out if it was unsaturated. Include the expected result in your answer.
Shake with bromine water
Turns orange to colourless if unsaturated.
Why are hydrogels useful?
They absorb water
What special property does a shape memory polymer have?
Returns to its original shape following heating or cooling
Draw a diagram to show the product of reaction between ethene and bromine water?
What is the name of the process when ethanol is made from sugar?
fermentaiton
What catalyst is used to crack hydrocarbons in the lab?
Ceramic pot
Complete the diagram below to show the formation of PVC from chloroethene
Give an advantage and a disadvantage of making ethanol from sugar cane.
There is a plentiful supply of sugar cane / sugar cane is renewable (unlike crude oil)
Uses crops that would otherwise be used for food / takes a lot of space
Write an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene.
Ethene + water -> Ethanol

11. Give two uses of vegetable oil
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil?
What is a disadvantage of using vegetable oil rather than water for cooking?
Give two uses of vegetable oil
How can you distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil?
C1.6 Plant Oils
and their uses
What happens when you add oil to water?
Give two sources of vegetable oil.
Name two types of emulsion.
What is an advantage of using oil rather than water in cooking?
What is an emulsifier? Describe it’s structure.
How could you turn an unsaturated vegetable oil into margarine? Give the reaction conditions.
Which are healthier, unsaturated or saturated fats? Explain your answer.
Why are vegetable oils hardened?
Complete the diagram to show the hydrogenation of propene.
+ H2
Draw a diagram to show how an emulsifier works.
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using pressing rather than distillation to extract vegetable oil.
Advantage
Disadvantage
What is the name of the reaction when hydrogen is added to an alkene?

12. Vegetable oil has a high calorific value
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil? Unsaturated has a double carbon-carbon bond
What is a disadvantage of using vegetable oil rather than water for cooking?
Vegetable oil has a high calorific value
Give two uses of vegetable oil
Cooking
Fuel / biodiesel
How can you distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated vegetable oil?
Add bromine water. Unsaturated turns bromine water colourless. Saturated stays orange.
C1.6 Plant Oils
and their uses
What happens when you add oil to water?
They don’t mix / form separate layers
Give two sources of vegetable oil.
Fruits, seeds, nuts
Name two types of emulsion.
salad dressings,, paints,
ice creams, cosmetics
What is an advantage of using oil rather than water in cooking?
Oil has a higher boiling point so food cooks quicker
Food tastes better / is crispier
What is an emulsifier? Describe it’s structure.
Substance that makes two immiscible substances mix.
Has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water hating) tail
How could you turn an unsaturated vegetable oil into margarine? Give the reaction conditions.
Add hydrogen;
Nickel catalyst
60oC
Which are healthier, unsaturated or saturated fats? Explain your answer.
Saturated – they can raise blood cholesterol (which can lead to cardiovascular disease)
Why are vegetable oils hardened?
The hydrogenated oils have higher
melting points so they are solids at room
temperature, making them useful as spreads and in cakes and pastries
Complete the diagram to show the hydrogenation of propene.
+ H2
Draw a diagram to show how an emulsifier works.
Head – attracted to water
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using pressing rather than distillation to extract vegetable oil.
Advantage Quicker; cheaper
Disadvantage Product is less pure / may need further treatment
Emulsifier molecule
What is the name of the reaction when hydrogen is added to an alkene?
Hydrogenation
Tail – attracted to oil

13. Earth and its Atmosphere
Label the diagram of the earth
Why is an increase in the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide harmful for marine life?
Explain the differences in the amount of carbon dioxide in the early atmosphere compared to today.
C1.7 Changes in the
Earth and its Atmosphere
Why do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen?
What parts of the Earth do we get our minerals from?
What evidence is there that the plates are moving?
What is a tectonic plate?
Label the pie chart with the names and percentages of gases to show the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere today.
How did the Earth’s early oceans form?
Explain why the plates move
How can the gases in the air be separated?
Why is there so little carbon dioxide in today’s atmosphere?. .
Why was Wegener;s theory initially rejected?
Give 2 pieces of evidence that support Wegener;s theory.
What did the Miller-Urey experiment show?
What was responsible for the composition of Earth’s early atmosphere?

14. Earth and its Atmosphere
Label the diagram of the earth
Why is an increase in the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide harmful for marine life?
Carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans, making them more acidic.
Explain the differences in the amount of carbon dioxide in the early atmosphere compared to today.
Plants photosynthesised
Used up carbon dioxide
Produced oxygen
Crust
Mantle
C1.7 Changes in the
Earth and its Atmosphere
Why do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen?
Sudden movements at plate boundaries
Core
Atmosphere
What parts of the Earth do we get our minerals from?
The crust, the atmosphere and
the oceans
What evidence is there that the plates are moving?
Sea floor is spreading
What is a tectonic plate?
Section of the crust
Label the pie chart with the names and percentages of gases to show the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere today.
How did the Earth’s early oceans form?
As the earth cooled, the water vapour in the atmosphere condensed
Explain why the plates move
Radioactive decay in the core
Releases heat that is transferred to the mantle
And causes convection currents
Oxygenn –20%
How can the gases in the air be separated?
By fractional distillation as they have different boiling points.
Trace gases (argon, water vapour) – 1%
Nitrogen – 80%
Carbon dioxide –0.003%
Why is there so little carbon dioxide in today’s atmosphere?.
Most of it is dissolved in the oceans or trapped in sedimentary rocks as carbonates or fossil fuels.
Why was Wegener;s theory initially rejected?
No evidence at time
Theory of land bridge more popular
Present day animals not similar on different continents
Give 2 pieces of evidence that support Wegener;s theory.
Land masses on different continents have coastlines that fit together
Similar fossils found on different continents
What did the Miller-Urey experiment show?
That amino acids could be formed from the interaction of hydrocarbons and ammonia with lightning.
What was responsible for the composition of Earth’s early atmosphere?
Volcanic eruptions