1. Kingdom Fungi

2. Fungi Autotroph Heterotroph
Fungi are mostly saprobes, meaning they feed on dead organisms. That makes them HETEROTROPHS!

3. Fungi cell walls are made of…
Cellulose
Peptidoglycan
Chitin
Chitin!

4. Fungi Characteristics
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Multicellular (except yeast, which are unicellular)
Cell walls made of chitin
Penicillium, the fungi that makes penicillin (the antibiotic) 

5. Why are fungi not considered plants? Fungi vs. Plants
Fungi are heterotrophs: they do not make their own food; they must obtain it from the organisms or materials on which they live.
Cell walls of chitin
Plants are autotrophs: they use photosynthesis to make their own food
Cell walls of cellulose

6. How do you know that fungi in these pictures are heterotrophs?
Decomposers eat dead plants/animals and break them down into simpler materials!

7. Parts of Multicellular Fungi

8. How do fungi reproduce?
In their life cycle, most fungi reproduce both sexually & asexually!
Sexual Reproduction:
Fusion of 2 fungi
Asexual Reproduction:
If cells of hyphae break off, they can grow into a new fungus.
Production of spores that can spread (like fungus seeds) that will grow into a new fungus

9. Asexual Reproduction in Fungi
One way for a fungi to reproduce asexually is to release spores.
The spores will be genetically identical to the single parent!
Spores must land in a favorable environment to germinate (grow).
An Earthstar Puffball, or Geastrum saccatum, expels a cloud of spores.

10. How do fungal spores spread?
Spores spread easily in the wind.
Some fungi are specialized to attract animals, who will disperse the spores over a long distance!
Stinkhorns smell like rotting meat, which attracts flies.
When the flies land on the fungus, they ingest the spores. The flies will then deposit the spores wherever they go.

11. Fun Fact!
On a clear day, a few liters of fresh air may contain hundreds of spores from many species of fungi!

12. Remember! Sexual Reproduction in Humans
Egg & sperm cells are made during meiosis!
Egg & sperm are haploid (n).
When egg & sperm cells fuse, they create a zygote.
They zygote is diploid (2n).
Sperm (n) + Egg (n)
Zygote (2n)

13. Sexual Reproduction in Fungi
Fungi are not male or female; they are plus (+) or minus (-).
When hyphae of the 2 types meet, they begin to fuse together.
(n + n = 2n)
After fusion, new spores are produced with meiosis. Here, the spores are produced sexually, not asexually!
They are a genetic combination of 2 fungi parents!

14. How big is kingdom fungi?
There are about 75,000 identified species of fungi. Scientists believe there are around 1 million species that are still undiscovered!

15. Fungi Classification
Kingdom Fungi can be broken down into 4 major phylums:
Zygomycota
Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
Deuteromycota

16. Deuteromycota
Kingdom Fungi

17. Phylum Zygomycota Common Molds
Can grow on foods & appear fuzzy
Reproduce asexually by producing spores
Mold is added to bleu cheese, which gives it its unique taste.
Black Bread Mold, Rhizopus stolonifer

18. Phlyum Ascomycota Sac Fungi
Live in moist, warm, & anaerobic (without oxygen) environments
Some are unicellular; some are multicellular.
Sexual or asexual reproduction
Some sac fungi cause disease.
Saccharomyces (yeast) are unicellular fungi!

19. Yeast
In a favorable environment, yeast will rapidly divide & perform alcoholic fermentation.
Remember! Alcoholic Fermentation: conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide & alcohol

20. Phylum Basidiomycota Club Fungi
The fruiting body resembles a club that has basidia (produces spores) on the underside of the club part.
Mushrooms – never pick & eat a wild mushroom; they can kill you!

21. Phylum Deuteromycota Imperfect Fungi
They do not go through sexual reproduction
Penicillium is a mold that grows on fruit. It is famous for producing penicillin, the antibiotic.

22. I have basidia. Deuteromycota Basidiomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycotes
Zygomycota
Basidiomycota

23. I only reproduce asexually.
Deuteromycota
Basidiomycota
Ascomycotes
Zygomycota
Deuteromycota

24. Which gas is produced during alcoholic fermentation?
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide

25. Kingdom Fungi is a diverse kingdom! How do these fungi get nutrients?
Remember! Most fungi are saprobes, meaning they obtain food from decaying matter.

26. Before you leave, answer the following question on a sheet of notebook paper (share!):
Your neighbor has mushrooms growing in his front yard. Everyday, he stomps on the mushrooms to kill them. Even if he stomps on all of the mushrooms, they keep coming back.
Why is his stomping ineffective? Why do the mushrooms continue to grow back? (Hint** think about the structure of mushrooms!)