1. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Chapter 17: Stress and Health Case Study: The Slow-Food, Low-Stress DietThe Slow-Food, Low-Stress Diet Section 1: Understanding StressUnderstanding Stress Section 2: Stress: Responses and EffectsStress: Responses and Effects Section 3: Psychological Factors and HealthPsychological Factors and Health Section 4: Ways of Coping with StressWays of Coping with Stress Simulation: Applying What You’ve LearnedApplying What You’ve Learned

2. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. The ability of the French population to consume foods heavy in fat and sugar but remain slim became known as the French paradox. One French scientist claimed that the effect was caused by drinking wine, but this theory was disproven. Instead, researchers now think the difference is in the way the French eat a meal: slowly, without rushing or performing other tasks while eating. These studies show that the French consume less food in a meal, even though they spend more time eating. It seems that our eating habits are not only unhealthy, they are adding to our overall stress levels as we strive to eat more healthfully. Case Study: The Slow-Food, Low-Stress Diet

3. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. What do you think? What are some of the key factors that might explain the French paradox? Do you think Americans are ever likely to change their eating habits and adopt the French diet? Why or why not?

4. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Understanding Stress Stress is the arousal of one’s mind and body in response to demands made upon them. Sources of stress include frustration, daily hassles, and life changes. Different types of conflict contribute to stress. Some people create their own stress through their personality type. Section 1 at a Glance

5. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Reading Focus What are the two different kinds of stress? What are the main sources of stress? Why does conflict cause stress? How does personality type affect stress? Main Idea Many different situations and events can produce both good and bad stress. Some personality types may even create their own stress. Understanding Stress

6. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Are you a slave to success?

7. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. In physics, stress is defined as pressure, or a force. In psychology, stress is the arousal of one’s mind and body in response to demands made upon them. Eustress is positive stress Increases sharpness and motivation and can keep people alert and involved A sign that a person is taking on a challenge to try to reach a goal Eustress Different Kinds of Stress Distress is negative stress Linked to intense pressure or anxiety Can strain people’s ability to adjust to various situations Can dampen mood, impair ability, and harm the body Distress

8. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Stressor: an event or situation that produces stress What is a stressor for one person might not be for another. Some stressors are common to most people. Daily Hassles Everyday frustrations: household, health, time-pressure, inner- concern, environmental, financial, work, future-security Frustration Being blocked from attaining a goal, such as being late to an appointment or lacking money Many frustrations are minor, but more serious ones can be extremely stressful Life Changes Major events such as moving, serious illness, or a death Many life changes are positive, and tend to happen less often Sources of Stress

9. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

10. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Click on the image to play the Interactive.

11. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Answer: Sources of stress influence a person’s life in psychological (depression or anxiety) and physical ways (health problems). Make Generalizations How can sources of stress influence a person’s life? Reading Check

12. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Approach-Approach Conflict Least stressful types Each of the choices are positive Usually resolved by making a decision Approach-Avoidance Conflict Occurs when a choice has both positive and negative aspects Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict More stressful Neither choice is positive Resolved by making a decision Multiple Approach- Avoidance Conflict Most complex form Each of several alternative courses of action has its advantages and disadvantages Conflict

13. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

14. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Some people create their own stress. Two basic personality types: type A (intense) and type B (laid-back) –Type A people are always on the go and put pressure on themselves –Type B people are more relaxed and patient, and do not become angry as easily as type A Type A people usually achieve more than type B people, but their success comes with a price of heightened stress Personality Types

15. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Stress: Responses and Effects Maintaining a positive attitude and a sense of humor are among the ways that people can reduce the effects of stress. Stressful situations produce the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome. Chronic stress can suppress the activity of the body’s immune system. Section 2 at a Glance

16. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Reading Focus What factors influence our response to stress? What is the general adaptation syndrome? How does stress affect the immune system? Main Idea People respond to stress in different ways, but stressful situations produce similar responses in the body. Stress—especially chronic stress—can even compromise the body’s immune system. Stress: Responses and Effects

17. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Can you ever be too optimistic?

18. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. People with different personalities respond to stress in different ways. The stress of an event depends largely on what the event means to the person involved. Biology also accounts for differences in people’s responses to stress. Beliefs people have that they can accomplish goals that they set for themselves Closely related to self- confidence Self-confident person likely to keep cool under pressure Self-Efficacy Expectations Responses to Stress People with certain traits can withstand stress Commitment—stress as motivation Challenge—prefer change Control—feelings of being in control of their lives Psychological Hardiness

19. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Sense of Humor Students who had a sense of humor and saw humor in difficult situations experienced less stress than students who were not able to find humor in the same situations. Some research suggests that emotional responses may aid the immune system. Predictability Having the ability to predict a stressor seems to reduce the amount of stress it causes. Social Support The presence and interest of other people provide support that helps people cope with stress. Ways to help: express concern, provide physical relief, offer information, provide feedback, and socialize

20. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

21. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Answer: Attitude affects how one responds to stress. A positive attitude yields a positive response to stress. A negative attitude yields a negative response to stress. Draw Conclusions What role might attitude play in responding to stress? Reading Check

22. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Selye observed that different stressful situations each produced similar responses by the body. The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) has three stages: –The alarm reaction Initiated when a stressor is perceived Sometimes described as the fight-or-flight reaction Certain hormones are released that prepare the body for stress –The resistance stage If the stressor is not removed, people try to find a way to cope and to avoid being overwhelmed –The exhaustion stage If stressor still is not removed, hormones are depleted, muscles are worn out, heart and breathing rates slow down The General Adaptation Syndrome

23. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

24. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Answer: alarm reaction, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage Summarize What are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome? Reading Check

25. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. The Immune System Most people are exposed to a great variety of disease-causing organisms, but an intact immune system fights off most of them. White blood cells destroy disease- causing microorganisms, worn-out body cells, and malignant cells. The immune system “remembers” some invaders and maintains antibodies to fight them, often for years. Stress and the Immune System One reason stress exhausts people is that it stimulates bodies to produce steroids, which suppress the immune system. One study showed lower immune- system functioning during more stressful periods. Another study showed that training in coping skills improved the functioning of the immune system. Effects of Stress on the Immune System

26. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Answer: by producing white blood cells that destroy disease-causing microorganisms Analyze How does the immune system protect people against disease? Reading Check

27. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Psychological Factors and Health Both biological and psychological factors play important roles in health problems. Headaches are among the most common stress-related health problems. People can make behavioral changes to help reduce the risks of heart disease. People with cancer must cope with the biological aspects of their illness as well as with its psychological effects. Section 3 at a Glance

28. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Reading Focus How do biological and psychological factors affect health? What are the most common types of headaches? What factors contribute to heart disease? How is cancer linked to stress? Main Idea Both biological and psychological factors play an important role in medical problems, including headaches, heart disease, and cancer. Psychological Factors and Health

29. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Biological factors such as family history of a disease, exposure to disease-causing microorganisms, inoculations against certain diseases, accidents, injuries, and age play an important role in physical illness. Psychological factors also affect health problems. –Attitudes –Patterns of behavior –Anxiety –Depression Health psychology: concerned with the relationship between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical illness. Biological and Psychological Factors

30. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Among the most common stress-related health problems Most frequent is muscle- tension: dull, steady pain on both sides of the head Second most common is migraine headache: sudden onset and severe throbbing on one side of the head Affect 10 percent of Americans Type A more affected Types of Headaches Headaches Aspirin, acetaminophen, and prescription drugs are used to fight headache pain. Different medicines work in different ways. Changing behaviors is also helpful: progressive relaxation and biofeedback training help to relieve pain Treatment

31. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Answer: Headaches are often caused by muscle tension. The pain of the headache increases rather than relaxes muscle tension. Identify Cause and Effect How can headache pain result in a vicious cycle? Reading Check

32. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

33. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Risk Factors Nearly half of U.S. deaths are caused by heart disease. Causes include: Family history (genetics) Physical conditions Patterns of consumption Type A behavior Anger and hostility Job strain Lack of exercise Behavioral Changes Various medical treatments exist, but certain behavioral changes can reduce risk: Quitting smoking Controlling weight Reducing hypertension Lowering serum cholesterol levels Changing type A behavior patterns Exercising regularly Heart Disease

34. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

35. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Answer: quit smoking, control weight, reduce hypertension, lower cholesterol, change type A behavior, and exercise regularly Summarize What can people do to help reduce the risk of heart disease? Reading Check

36. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Cancer involves the rapid growth of malignant cells. Individuals whose immune systems are weakened appear to be more likely candidates for getting cancer. Psychological Aspects Cancer patients must cope with weakness, pain, and medicine side- effects. They may face anxiety, fear, depression, and vulnerability. Risk Factors People may inherit a tendency to develop certain kinds of cancer. Certain behaviors increase risk. Stress may be a risk factor. Positive Attitude One study found a significantly higher survival rate among women who met their cancer diagnosis with a “fighting spirit.” Social support increases the survival rate. Cancer

37. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Answer: People with cancer face anxiety regarding treatment and the possibility of death. Identify Supporting Details What psychological effects might those with cancer face? Reading Check

38. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Ways of Coping with Stress Defensive coping methods as a means of handling stress are self-defeating and usually harmful. Effective active coping methods for dealing with stress include changing stressful thoughts, relaxing, and exercising. Section 4 at a Glance

39. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Reading Focus What are some defensive coping methods? How do active coping methods help ease stress? Main Idea People handle stress using both defensive and active coping methods. Defensive coping methods are often self-defeating, while active coping methods are far more effective. Ways of Coping with Stress

40. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Why won't Japanese businessmen take a break?

41. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Defensive coping: a way to handle stress and reduce immediate effects, but not the most desirable way. It may involve socially unacceptable behavior. It does not eliminate the source of stress. –Substance abuse People may become psychologically dependent on these substances in an effort to decrease their awareness of stress or disguise an unpleasant reality. –Aggression Using violence to cope with stressful situations rarely, if ever, provides a solution to the problem. May heighten the problem. –Withdrawal Can be emotional or physical withdrawal. –Defense mechanisms Protect ego from anxiety produced by an awareness of unacceptable ideas or impulses. They become problematic when they are the only coping mechanisms a person has. Defensive Coping

42. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

43. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Answer: Defensive coping strategies are socially unacceptable and self-defeating. Find the Main Idea Why are defensive coping strategies not the most desirable ways to deal with stress? Reading Check

44. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Active coping: involves changing the environment or situation (in socially acceptable ways) to remove stressors, or changing one’s response to stress so that stressors are no longer harmful. –Changing stressful thoughts People who have stressful thoughts can learn to recognize and change them before becoming overwhelmed by them. –Relaxation techniques A number of techniques for reducing the bodily reactions to stress: –Meditation –Biofeedback –Progressive relaxation –Exercise Fosters physical health, enhances people’s psychological well-being, and helps people cope with stress. –Breathing Practicing controlled breathing can reduce stress. Active Coping

45. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

46. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Answer: Active coping methods can relieve some health problems by reducing stress that compromises the body’s immune system. Identify Supporting Details How can active coping methods relieve some health problems? Reading Check

47. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Coping with Catastrophe Even though the tragedy of September 11, 2001, mostly affected those who lost family and friends, people who only witnessed the attacks on television suffered what psychologists call “second-hand stress.” Current Research in Psychology Many people who witnessed the terrorist attacks on television suffered symptoms similar to post- traumatic stress disorder. Similar reactions occurred after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Watching scenes on television can cause the biological fight-or-flight reaction. Some scientists suggest taking a break from the news to alleviate symptoms; others say this is a form of denial. One study found that those who donated blood or money felt less helpless. Disasters can bring a nation together when the shared response is to reach out and help the victims.

48. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

49. Stress and Health Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.