1. Solutions

2. How Solutions Form
Solution – a mixture that appears the same throughout and is mixed at the ___________ level
1. _______ – substance being dissolved
2. ________ – substance doing the dissolving
molecular
Solute
Solvent

3. Solutions can be liquids, gases, or _______
solids
Solution Type
Solvent
Solute
Example
1. gas
Gas 2.
Solid
Salt water
Dental amalgam 4.
Liquid
Club soda 5. 6.
brass
Gas
Air
Liquid
Liquid
liquid
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Liquid
Vinegar
solid
Solid

4. Alloys are _______ solutions Copper + tin = copper + zinc =
solid
Alloys are _______ solutions
Copper + tin =
copper + zinc =
silver + copper =
tin + copper + antimony =
lead + tin =
iron + carbon =
bronze
brass
sterling silver
pewter
solder
wrought iron

5. B. How dissolving happens:
1. Water molecules are ______ – they have a positive area and a negative area
2. Water molecules cluster around ______ molecules, with their negative ends attracted to the positive ends of the solids
polar
solid
video

6. Water molecules ____ the solid particles into solution
The moving water molecules and ______ molecules spread out and mix evenly to form a solution.
5. To mix solids to make an alloy solution, you must _____ the solids.
pull
solid
melt

7. Rate of dissolving depends on:
1. ________ – speeds up dissolving by bringing more fresh solvent into contact with more solute.
Stirring

8. a. Dissolving occurs at the _________ of a solid.
Crystal ______
a. Dissolving occurs at the _________ of a solid.
b. Breaking a solid into pieces or powder increases its _________ _____, which speeds up dissolving.
size
surface
surface area

9. Temperature – _________ the temperature of a solvent speeds up the movement of its particles.
To make a gas dissolve more quickly in a liquid, ____ the liquid solvent and ________ the pressure of the gas.
increasing
cool
increase

10. Solubility and Concentration
___________ – the amount of a substance that can dissolve in a solvent
1. Depends on the nature of the ____________
2. Solubilities of two substances can be compared by _________
Solubility
substances
measuring

11. 1. A __________ solution has a large amount of solute in the solvent.
Concentration
1. A __________ solution has a large amount of solute in the solvent.
2. A _______ solution has a small amount of solute in the solvent
concentrated
dilute

12. 3. Concentrations can be expressed as percent by __________ of the solute
volume

13. Types of solutions
1. __________ solution – contains all the solute it can hold at a given temperature
a. As the temperature of a liquid solvent increases, the amount of solid solute that can dissolve in it ____________
Saturated
increases

14. __________ ______ – line on a graph used to figure how much solute can dissolve at any temperature on the graph.
Solubility curve

15. 2. ____________ solution – able to dissolve more solute at a given temperature
Unsaturated

16. 3. _____________ solution – contains more solute than a saturated one at the same temperature
Supersaturated
video

17. __________ - will crystallize if disturbed
Made by ________ the temperature of a saturated solution, adding more solute, and lowering temperature back without __________ the solution
__________ - will crystallize if disturbed
As it crystallizes, it gives off ________ and produces heat
raising
disturbing
Unstable
energy

18. Particles in Solution _____ – particles with a charge
1. __________ – compounds that form charged particles (ions) and conduct electricity in water
Ions
Electrolytes

19. 2. ___________ – substances that do not ionize in water and cannot conduct electricity
Nonelectrolytes

20. How ions form
1. __________ – molecules break apart in water, causing atoms to become ions by taking on a charge
Ionization

21. 2. __________ – an ionic solid separates into its positive and negative ions.
Dissociation

22. Effects of solute particles
1. All solute particles – polar, nonpolar, electrolyte, and nonelectrolyte – affect the ________ properties of a solvent
2. Adding a solute to a solvent _______ the freezing point because the added solute particles interfere with the formation of orderly freezing patterns
physical
lowers

23. 3. Adding a solute ______ the boiling point because fewer solvent molecules can reach the surface and evaporate.
raises