1. Review of Previous Lecture- National Interests Interest National Interest Development of National Interest Interest of church, interest of the ruling class, interest of the people. Kinds of National Interest 1.Primary 2.Secondary 3.Permanent 4.Variable 5.General 6.Specific

2. National Interests cont. Dr. Fayyaz Ahmad Faize

3. Types cont. Besides there are some others types of interests as well: 1.Identical Interests: Interests which are held common or same by different states US and Western Europe have this identical interest to prevent expansion of communism in Europe, Climate protection, international peace 2.Conflicting Interests: Interests which are conflicting between states Conflicting interest are not fixed and may change Jerusalem between Israel and Palestine, India’s interference in Afghanistan affairs is not favorable with Pakistan

4. How to Promote NI? NI can be promoted through the following methods: 1.Coercive method 2.Alliances 3.Diplomacy

5. How to Promote NI? cont. 1.Coercive method: جبری طریقے There are two categories according to Beard i.Measures taken internally within the state indirectly affecting the other state ii.Measures taken directly

6. How to Promote NI? Cont. i.Measures taken within the state indirectly affecting the other the state against whom it is taken. It is then up to the other state whether to ignore these measures taken or consider it serious and give it a shape of war. e.g. breaking up of diplomatic relations, expelling diplomatic staff as persona non grata, trade embargo, confiscation of property, freezing of bank’s account, suspension of treaties, US sanctions against Libya and Iran ii. Measures taken directly against the state. This may include the use of force, bombarding of coastal areas, exchange of fire across border, shelling strategic areas etc. E.g. US attack on Iraq and Afghanistan

7. How to Promote NI? Cont. 2. Alliance معاہدہ The states may form an alliance to promote and protect their common interests. The alliance gives strength and power to the allied states to pursue the common interests on international level. Examples: NATO: for collective security of the capitalistic states against communist block OIC for protecting Muslim countries interest For Economic interests, similar alliances can be made e.g. European Union, General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, World Economic Forum, ECO https://www.sba.gov/offices/district/ga/atlanta/resources/strategic-alliances-possibilities-through-collaboration

8. How to Promote NI? Cont. 3. Diplomacy The peaceful means of promoting national interest. Involves skillful negotiation and dialogues Dialogues b/w diplomats, ministers and even heads of state Even the conflicting interests can be resolved through diplomacy by policy of give and take As war can not offer solution to problems and ultimately negotiations provides the solution US diplomacy to win support against war in Afghanistan and Iraq, Israel-Palestine issue and ceasefire through talks, Kashmir problem persual through diplomatic channels, http://talltown.us/guns/left.htm

9. National Interest and Foreign Policy Is there any relation between national interest and foreign policy? NI is promoted and safeguarded through foreign policy As discussed national interests are pursued through force, alliances and diplomacy And diplomacy is operated through foreign policy Foreign policy is the instrument through which national interests are pursued and promoted Morgenthau: The foreign policy ‘seeks the defence of NI through peaceful means’ The government would never pursue a foreign policy which would harm NI.

10. National Interest and Foreign Policy cont. When a government is formulating its foreign policy, it make a list of all its national interests and goals The national interests of other states are also kept into consideration. There may be identical or conflicting NI. The government would then design a foreign policy to pursue its NI or bring modification and compromise in foreign policy keeping in mind the need of the interest and the strength of its national power in supporting her policy. E.g. one NI of US is the support of Israel in middle east which is a conflicting interest with several Muslim states in the region. However, US shows little compromise in her foreign policy due to her status of being super power.

11. National Interest and Foreign Policy cont. One national interest of Pakistan is to establish friendly and brotherly relations with Muslim countries because Pakistan is an ideological state founded on the name of Islam. This NI is then the guiding principle of Pakistan foreign policy. Some times, NI may result in conflict and tension in the international world due to conflicting interests This kind of situation may lead to conflict or war In such case compromises and adjustment in NI is required and thus modification in foreign policy as well

12. Summary Interest National Interest Development of National Interest Interest of church, interest of the ruling class, interest of the people. Kinds of National Interest 1.Primary 2.Secondary 3.Permanent 4.Variable 5.General 6.Specific

13. Summary cont. How to Promote NI? 1.Coercive method 2.Alliances 3.Diplomacy National Interest and Foreign Policy The foreign policy ‘seeks the defence of NI through peaceful means The government would never pursue a foreign policy which would harm NI The national interests of other states are also kept into consideration NI may result in conflict and tension in the international world due to conflicting interests This kind of situation may lead to conflict or war modification in foreign policy

14. Review Questions Define national interest and discuss briefly its development. Explain the various types of national interest used in international relations. What are the different methods for promoting national interest? Explain how national interest and foreign policy are interrelated?