1. What three questions should the investigator answer when examining an apparent dried
bloodstain?.
Is it blood?
If so, animal or human?
What is the blood type?

2. Define a presumptive test.
A screening test that presumes the presence
of a substance.

3. What property of blood is used in most presumptive tests?
Hemoglobin-catalytic
decomposition of peroxides
to oxygen.

4. In your blood lab, what test was used to test whether a stain was blood or not?
The Kastle-Meyer test uses phenolphthalein reagent which reacts with the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by the hemoglobin of blood and turns it a deep pink color.

5. What is a secretor? A person whose blood antigens are found in
other body fluids. About 80% of the population
are secretors.

6. Define serology. How is it used in forensic investigations?
The study of body fluids using
antigen-antibody reactions. Serology
can be used to exclude suspects.

7. How much blood is there in the average adult human?
4-5 Liters

8. What test can determine whether blood is human or animal? What is the
basis for this test? Why is the serum used
in this test called human antiserum?
The precipitin test. Specific antibodies
in an animal serum react to human antigens.

9. What are the four major blood types found in humans? What
are the percentages of each in the U.S.A.?
A- 40%
B-11%
AB- 4%
O- 45%

10. What is an antigen?
A protein found on the surface of a red blood cell that determine blood type.

11. What happens if a person with type
AB blood is given a transfusion of type A blood? Explain.
There will be no adverse reaction because there are no antibodies to attack antigens.

12. To whom can a person with type B blood
donate blood and from whom can that person
receive blood?
He or she can donate to
someone with B or AB blood
and receive blood from someone
with B or O.

13. Can a bloodstain be used for individualization?
Not with serology, but with DNA fingerprinting. Many of the blood factors begin to degrade immediately.

14. How does blood fall, in what shape and what causes it to fall that way?
A sphere and the surface tension of the blood causes to fall in that shape.

15. Can direction of travel be determined and if so, how?
Yes, direction can be determined due to the shape of the blood stain.

16. 15. Calculate the angle of impact for the bloodstains below:
A- 19 degrees B- 26 degrees; C- 11 degrees D- 62 degrees; E- 49 degrees F- 37 degrees

17. Identify what may have caused these types of stains:
A is an arterial spurt
B is high velocity impact spatter
C is drop on an earlier drop

18. 18. Sometimes a transfer pattern can indicate the weapon used in an assault. Guess what made the following:
A-brick or 2x4 B-crowbar or pry bar C-hammer D-fingerprint E-razor blade F-monkey wrench G-shirtsleeve with button H-a fork I-a knife J-scissors K-corkscrew L- high heel from woman’s shoe.

19. Deduce what happened here:
What to study for the Chapter 10 Blood Exam.
Notes
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Sam Shepard’s Case
Chapter 10 in the Forensics book
A is a void, possibly the stem of a floor lamp B is a wipe pattern caused by a boot dragged across drops of fresh blood C is blood dripping from an object moving then stopping