1. UHD::CS3320::CHAP61 INTRODUCTION TO OBJECTS Chapter 6

2. UHD::CS3320::CHAP62 WHAT IS A MODULE? A lexically contiguous sequence of program statements, bounded by boundary elements, with aggregate identifier. Methods for breaking up product into modules?

3. UHD::CS3320::CHAP63 EXAMPLE A computer architect decides to build an ALU, shifter and 16 registers using AND, OR and NOT gates (rather than NAND or NOR gates).

4. UHD::CS3320::CHAP64

5. 5 COMPUTER DESIGN-- CNTD Computer architect realizes that it is better to build a chip using one type of gates ==> Partitions the system so that one gate type on each chip.

6. UHD::CS3320::CHAP66 COMPUTER DESIGN-- CNTD Two designs functionally equivalent Second design –hard to understand –hard to locate faults –difficult to extend or enhance –cannot be reused in another product Modules must be selected with –maximal relationships within modules –minimal relationships between modules

7. UHD::CS3320::CHAP67 COMPOSITE/STRUCTURED DESIGN Method for breaking up product into modules for –maximal relationships within modules –minimal relationships between modules Module cohesion –Degree of interaction within module Module coupling –Degree of interaction between modules

8. UHD::CS3320::CHAP68 C/SD-- CONTD Module: function, logic, and context A module is identified with its function Example: a module computes square root of double precision integers using Newton’s algorithm Module should be names compute square root

9. UHD::CS3320::CHAP69 MODULE COHESION Seven categories or levels of cohesion: 1. Coincidental cohesion (worst) 2. Logical cohesionshould be avoided 3. Temporal cohesion 4. Procedural cohesion 5. Communicational cohesion 6. Informational cohesiondesirable 7. Functional cohesion (best)

10. UHD::CS3320::CHAP610 1. Coincidental Cohesion Module performs multiple, completely unrelated actions Example: –Module: print next line, reverse string of characters in second argument, add 7 to third argument, convert fourth argument to floating point Why is Coincidental Cohesion so bad? –Degrades maintainability –No reuse

11. UHD::CS3320::CHAP611 2. Logical Cohesion Module performs series of related actions, each is selected by setting the value of a parameter Example: –Module performs all input and output ops Why is logical Cohesion so bad? –Interface difficult to understand –Code for more than one action may be intertwined –Difficult to reuse

12. UHD::CS3320::CHAP612 3. Temporal Cohesion Module performs a series of actions related in time Example: –open input file, open output file, initialize table of records, read first record (i.e. Initialization actions) Why is temporal cohesion so bad? –Actions weakly related to one another, but strongly related to other actions in other modules

13. UHD::CS3320::CHAP613 4. Procedural cohesion Module performs series of actions related by procedure to be followed in product. Example: –read part number then update repair record Why is procedural cohesion so bad? –Actions still weakly connected, so not reusable.

14. UHD::CS3320::CHAP614 5. Communicational Cohesion Module performs series of actions related by procedure to be followed by product, but in addition all the actions operate on same data Example: –calculate new coordinates and send them to terminal Still lack of reusability

15. UHD::CS3320::CHAP615 6. Informational Cohesion Module performs a number of actions, each with its own entry point, with independent code for each action, all performed on same data structure. This is essentially an Abstract Data Type

16. UHD::CS3320::CHAP616 7. Functional Cohesion Module with functional cohesion performs exactly one action More reusable Maintenance easier

17. UHD::CS3320::CHAP617 Cohesion Case Study Compute average daily temperatures at various sites.

18. UHD::CS3320::CHAP618 Cohesion Case Study

19. UHD::CS3320::CHAP619 Coupling Degree of interaction between modules File categories of coupling ( some goo some bad): 1. Content couplingWorst 2. Common coupling 3. Control coupling 4. Stamp coupling 5. Data couplingBest

20. UHD::CS3320::CHAP620 Content Coupling One module directly references content of another module. Example: –One module branches into local label of another –One module references local data of another

21. UHD::CS3320::CHAP621 Common Coupling Two modules are commonly coupled if they have access to global data.

22. UHD::CS3320::CHAP622 Control Coupling Two modules are control coupled if one passes an element of control to another Example: –Module p calls module q –Module q is supposed count the number of characters in a text file and return the result to module p. –If module q fails (e.g. Can read from file) it return -1. ==> the two modules are data coupled

23. UHD::CS3320::CHAP623 Control Coupling--Example CNTD Suppose: –Module p calls module q –Module q is supposed count the number of characters in a text file and return the result to module p. –If module q fails (e.g. Can read from file) returns a message that module p is supposed to output. ==> the two modules are control coupled

24. UHD::CS3320::CHAP624 Control Coupling-- CNTD If q passes information back to p and p decides what actions to take ==> data coupling If q passes information back to p but also informs p what actions to take ==> control coupling What’s so bad about control coupling –module are not independent: module q must know structure and logic of p. –Affects reuse

25. UHD::CS3320::CHAP625 Stamp Coupling Two modules are stamp coupled if data structure is passed as parameter, but called module operates on some but not all of individual components of data structure. What’s so bad about Stamp coupling –Not clear, without reading entire module which part of data structure is changed –Pass more data than necessary uncontrolled data access can lead to security problems

26. UHD::CS3320::CHAP626 Data Coupling Two modules are data coupled is all parameters are homogeneous data items (i.e. Simple data items, or data structures all of whose elements are used by called module) Examples: display_time_of_arrival(flight_number) Compute_product(first_num, second_num) get_job_with_highest_priority(job_queue)

27. UHD::CS3320::CHAP627 Data Coupling-- CNTD Why is data coupling so good? –Difficulties of all other couplings not present –Module interface is explicit –No side effects –Maintenance is easier

28. UHD::CS3320::CHAP628 Object-Oriented Paradigm Data Encapsulation Information Hiding Inheritance Polymorphism

29. UHD::CS3320::CHAP629 Data Encapsulation Data structure together with the actions done on those data are encapsulated in the same “module”--the class A class is an Abstract Data Type An object is an instance of a class Why is encapsulation so good? –A class is a module with informational cohesion –functional cohesion: at the method level

30. UHD::CS3320::CHAP630 UML Representation Short hand notation ClassName Data members Actions ClassName

31. UHD::CS3320::CHAP631 UML Representation objectName ClassName myHandWatch Watch

32. UHD::CS3320::CHAP632 Data Encapsulation and Development Data Encapsulation allows abstraction during product analysis and design When extracting and design the classes: –what objects are needed to be modeled? –what are the data attributes of each object? –what actions are to be performed on the data of each object? What are the interactions between objects

33. UHD::CS3320::CHAP633 Stepwise Refinement Step 1. Design in terms of high level concepts –concern with behavior of data structure Step 2. Design low level components –concern with implementation of the that behavior

34. UHD::CS3320::CHAP634 Information Hiding Implementation details of the data attributes and methods of a class are hidden from outside the class. Control access to data attributes –thru public methods –private members Why is information hiding good ? –Interaction between classes occurs through explicitly declared interfaces. –No side effects: change in one module does not effect others –I.e. data coupling between classes.

35. UHD::CS3320::CHAP635 Inheritance Define HumanBeing to be a class A HumanBeing has attributes, such as name, age, height, gender Assign values to attributes when describing object Define Teacher to be a subclass of HumanBeing A Teacher has all attributes if HumanBeing, plus attributes of his/her own (discipline, school, department) A Teacher inherits all attributes of HumanBeing

36. UHD::CS3320::CHAP636 UML Representation HumanBeingTeacher

37. UHD::CS3320::CHAP637 Inheritance Inheritance is essential to object-oriented language such as Smalltalk, C++, and JAVA Does it improve cohesion? Coupling? Provides further data abstraction Improves reuse

38. UHD::CS3320::CHAP638 Composition/Aggregation A class may contain other classes Example: A State contains many Counties which contain many townships A PoliceState is composed of PoliceOfficers A Directory contain Files

39. UHD::CS3320::CHAP639 UML Representation-- Aggregation StateCountyTownship

40. UHD::CS3320::CHAP640 Polymorphism Classical paradigm –function sort_integer_list –function sort_float_list –function sort_string_list must explicitly invoke correct version

41. UHD::CS3320::CHAP641 All that is needed is myList.sort( ) –correct method is invoked dynamically –Method sort() is polymorphic ListClass virtual method sort StringListClass Implementation of method string sort FloatListClass Implementation of method float sort IntListClass Implementation of method integer sort

42. UHD::CS3320::CHAP642 Summary Objects with high cohesion and low coupling Objects Information Hiding Abstract Data Types Data Encapsulation Modules with high cohesion and low coupling Modules