1. OPEN DUMPS Oldest and most common way of disposing solid waste
Still in use
Wherever land is available
Without regard to safety, health hazards, and aesthetic degradation
Refuse is spread over a large area
No maintenance
Problems:
Breeds pests
Health hazard
Cause of water pollution
Air pollution
Odor and smoke nuisance
Fire hazards
Unsightly

2. SANITARY LANDFILL
Controlled method of refuse disposal. Environmental and safety aspects are considered during the process
Refuse is dumped in accordance with a preconceived plan, compacted, and covered during and at the end of each day
Creating a landfill includes planning, design, implementation, operation, monitoring and controlled abandonment
Provides:
Prevention of groundwater pollution
Leachate collection
Gas venting or recovery

3. PLANNING AND DESIGN LEGAL REQUIREMENTS INTERMUNICIPAL COOPERATION
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS
PLANNING

4. PLANNING Alternative sites Cost of land and site preparation
Expected life of the site
Distances from the source of refuse
Cost of equipment
Cost of operation
Method of disposal
Operation

5. SITE SELECTION EXCLUDING: Protection area of drinking water resource
Open karstic areas
Floodplains
Areas with risk of earth movement
Nature reservation areas
Future drinking water resources

6. Open karstic areas (limestone), fractured rock

7. SITE SELECTION Natural environment General plans of the region
Ecology
Landscape
Water protection
General plans of the region
Structure of the settlements
Distance to the sources
Access of roads, public utilities, etc.
Ownership of the area, present landuse
Types and quantity of the waste – surface area available

8. SITE SELECTION Topography Climate Prevailing wind
Hydrogeology, geology, earth movement
Classification of the area (depends on the soil characteristics and the type of waste)
Politics
Public acceptance

9. „OPTIMAL SITE” IN THE DESERT FLAT AREA LITTLE PRECIPITATION
HIGH EVAPOTRANSPIRATION – NO LEAKAGE
THICK UNSATURATED ZONE
NO NEIGHBOURS
FLAT AREA
LITTLE POTENTIAL OF GROUNDWATER FLOW
LEAKAGE STAYS IN THE AREA

10. FAVOURABLE SITES clay Organic material (peat bog) clay sand silt
Unsaturated zone
Hard crystalline rocks (few fractures)

11. UNFAVOURABLE SITES Sand and gravel High groundwater level sand
„no leakage water”
Penetrates to the limestone – leakage 2 km further
limestone
shale

12. PARTS OF A SANITARY LANDFILL
Disposal site provided with appropriate protection
Drainage system for the leachate
Storage basin for leachate water
Treatment facility for leachate water
Buildings – office, storage facility, restrooms, garage
Fence around the disposal site
Weigh station
Registration system
Compacting machines, other vehicles
Public utilities – drinking water, sewerage, electricity, telephone
Washing facilities for containers, vehicles
Roads
Sorting facility
Monitoring system

14. EFFECTS OF LANDFILLS Operating landfill Completed landfill Noise
Gas to the atmosphere, ground
Leachate (ground water pollution)
Wind blown litter and dust
Birds, insects
Surface runoff (pollution of surface waters)
Completed landfill
Gas to air, ground
Contaminated crops
leachate

15. Hazardous waste pollutants can enter the environment

16. STAGES OF LANDFILLS 1. INITIAL STAGE 1. A
Initial stage – we put the waste to the site
1. B
Transition stage – when the leakage is produced
2. ACID STAGE
Bacteria create complex organic acids
pH decrease
Heavy metals become soluble
Increase of heavy metal content in the leakage
1-5 years

17. STAGES OF LANDFILLS 3. METHANIGENIC STAGE
Bacteria produce methane gas + CO2 + H2O
They use organic acid
Increase of pH
Decrease of heavy metal content in the leakage
Can take 50 –100 years (we do not know)
4. FINAL STAGE
Bacteria which need the organic acid die
Oxygen comes in
Organic matter has been transformed (80%)
Raise of the redox-potential
Decrease of pH
Increase of heavy metals in the leakage

18. AIM Minimize the acid stage Crush the waste
Combine org. and inorg. materials
Raise the humidity
Control temperature
Different parts of a landfill can be in different stages –
Problems in handling the leakage –
We try to minimize the amount of the leachate
Minimize
Precipitation
Runoff inflow
Soil water inflow
Groundwater inflow

19. MINIMIZING THE AMOUNT OF LEACHATE
Daily cover – low permeability
Surface slope
Drain the groundwater before coming in contact with the refuse
Surface-water drainage system (ditches, dikes) to prevent flooding, erosion, infiltration
Barrier protection - lining
Collect, store and treat leachate
Monitoring

20. BARRIERS (LINING) AND MONITORING FACILITIES

23. LINERS Natural clay Soil cements Asphaltic material
Polymeric membranes
Combination

24. COMPOSITE BASAL LINING SYSTEM
waste
transitional layer – preventing fine-grained waste from blocking the drainage blanket
drainage blanket – collection and removal of leachate
protective layer – distribution of concentrated stresses
geomembrane – prevention of leakage
mineral sealing layers
subsoil

25. CONTROL OF METHANE GAS MIGRATION
Impermeable cutoff walls or barriers

26. Ventillation system – gravel filled trenches

27. Gravel-packed perforated pipe wells or collectors