1. MASONRY

2. Construction of building units like foundations ,walls,columns
Construction of building units like foundations ,walls,columns.etc using bricks or stones which are bonded together with mortar.
Used for construction of foundations, walls, columns etc.

3. FUNCTIONS To support floors and roof To divide the space
To provide acoustic and thermal insulation
To provide shelter from weathering agencies

4. WALL CLASSIFICATION Load Bearing Wall
Carry the load from above (own weight & load from roof) and transfer it to the foundation.
Non Load Bearing Wall
Carry self-weight only.

5. Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

6. Stone Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

7. Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

8. Masonry Wall

9. Retaining Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

10. NON LOAD BEARING WALL
a) Hollow Concrete Block b) Hollow Bricks c) Brick Wall

11. Hollow Brick (Non Load Bearing Wall)

12. Hollow Concrete Block Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall)

13. BRICK MASONRY

14. Header
Brick laid with its length perpendicular to the direction of a wall
stretcher
Brick laid with its length parallel to the direction of a wall

15. QUEEN CLOSER
KING CLOSER
BEVELLED BAT
BEVELLED CLOSER
THREE QUARTER BAT
HALF BAT

16. LAP
CLOSER
HEADER COURSE
PERPEND
STRETCHER COURSE
QUOIN
BED JOINTS

17. BRICK MASONRY – BOND Stretcher Bond Header bond English Bond
Flemish Bond
Raking Bond
Zigzag bond
Garden wall bond
Diagonal bond
Herring-bone bond
English garden wall bond
Flemish garden wall bond

18. Stretcher Bond
All bricks laid as stretchers
Thickness of wall is half of the full brick length
Used for partition walls

19. Header Bond
All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall.
Useful for curved brick works.

20. English Bond
Alternative courses of headers and stretchers
One of the strongest brickwork bond patterns.

21. Essential features
Alternate courses will show either headers or stretchers in elevation.
There is no continuous vertical joint.
Alternate headers placed centrally above each stretcher.
If the thickness of the walls is an odd multiple of half brick (eg:1.5, 2.5), the same course will present stretchers on one face and headers on the other.
For even multiple of half brick, same appearance on both faces.

22. Flemish Bond
Alternate bricks are placed as headers and stretchers in every course.
Not as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick

23. Essential features
In each course, headers and stretchers are alternatively placed in both the facing and backing.
The facing and backing have same appearance.
Queen closers are placed next to the quoin header.
In walls having thickness equal to odd multiples of half bricks, brick bats are used.

24. Comparison of English bond and Flemish bond
English bond is more compact and stronger than double Flemish bond for walls having thickness greater than 1.5 bricks.
Double Flemish bond have better appearance in the facing
For the construction of Flemish bond , good workmanship and careful supervision is required.
DFB is economical as brick bats are utilized.

25. Raking Bond
Diagonal bond
Bricks are arranged at 45°

26. Raking Bond
Herring bone bond
Bricks arranged at 45° in two opposite directions from the centre of the wall

27. Zigzag bond
Bricks laid in a zigzag way
Mainly used for paving brick floors

28. English Garden Wall Bond
An alternative version of English bond with less number of headers
Header courses being inserted at every fourth or sixth course.

29. Flemish Garden Wall Bond
one header is placed after every third stretcher

30. Usual causes for failure of wall are as follows:
- Overloading the wall, deflection of beam
above the wall will effect the wall below.
- Foundation failure
- Earthquake
- Poor workmanship (improper brickwork)

31. Brick Wall Crack

32. Brick Wall Failure At The Roof Level

33. Cracked Wall

34. Failure In Brick Wall

35. Dry Rot On Timber Wall Panelling

36. Wall Failure Due To Earthquake

37. Termite Damage To The Timber Wall

38. STONE MASONRY
Materials used
Stones
Mortar

39. Classification of stone masonry
Rubble masonry
Ashlar masonry

40. Rubble Masonry Un-coursed random rubble masonry
Dry rubble masonry

41. Un-coursed random rubble masonry
Roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry
Stones of different sizes and shapes are used
Vertical joints are staggered
Undressed stone blocks are used

43. Uncoursed random rubble masonry

44. Coursed random rubble masonry
Stone work is brought into courses of thickness varying from 30 to 45 cm
All courses are not of same height

45. Coursed random rubble masonry

46. Ashlar masonry

47. Comparison between brick and stone masonry
Higher strength, durability and weather resistant
Higher crushing strength
Used for heavy monumental building works
More water tight
Needs no pretreatment and plastering
Brick
Less strength, durability and weather resistant
Higher crushing strength than stone
Used for light ornamental works of lesser importance
Less water tight
Should be concealed by plastering

48. Brick Stone Exposed brick masonry reacts and get disintegrated
Bricks can be conveniently moved by manual laber
Time and labour involved is less
More fire resistant
Less skilled labourers are required
More frequently used
Stone
Not damaged by chemicals present in the environment and salt present in the water
Complicated lifting appliances are required to handle stone blocks
Time required for dressing and handling of stones is more
Less fire resistant
More skilled labourers are required
Less frequently used