1. Weft insertion rate Group members: Annas azwany muzamil (2014877152)
Mardhiah husnoruddin ( )
Nur atiqah sahak ( )
Nur miza asyran mohd ali henipah ( )
Siti nur mazleen kamaruzaman ( )

2. What is weft insertion?
After each shed change, the weft yarn is inserted through the shed.
These weft yarn can be different in color, weight etc and selection mechanism is used for this purpose.

3. What is weft insertion rate?
Weft insertion rate is defined according to the following formula which is:
WIR = PR (m/min)
Where
WIR = weft insertion rate
P = loom speed in picks/min
R = reed width in metre.
Therefore it can be said that weft insertion rate is loom speed in picks/min multiply by reed width.

4. Objectives Increasing productivity. Improving fabric quality.
Reducing the number of operations and operating through automation.
Use of electronics and microprocessors for better monitoring of various mechanism to achieve the above objectives and reducing the cost of production.

5. Comparison of different types of looms
Weft Insertion Rate
Conventional Powerloom
200 Mts / Min
High Speed Automatic Loom
Mts / Min
Rapier Loom
Mts / Min
Projectile Loom
Mts / Min
Air Jet Loom
Mts / Min
Multiphase Loom
5000 Mts / Min

6. PROJECTILE LOOMS ITMA 1955 at Brussels
First Sulzer machine with reed width of 216 cm.
Maximum speed of 280 picks/min
With a WIR (weft insertion rate) of about 600 m/min.
ITMA 1971 in Paris
Further developments with the first 540 cm wide six-color prototype machine.(1969)
The projectile loom has a width range of 185 – 540 cm
Maximum speed of 470 rpm.
With a WIR (weft insertion rate) of 840 m/ min.
NOW
The projectile machines now are running with a WIR (weft insertion rate) of 1540 m/min without any further change in the working width. 

7. Rapier Loom
1844 – Development of shuttles loom starting with rapier loom
Present weft insertion rate up to 1, 500 m/min
The outstanding feature of flexible rapier machine is its significant increase in weft insertion rate, greater reed width (460cm), versatility and adaptability.
The weft insertion elements have been made smaller and lighter in weight.
This new lightweight guided gripper version of shuttless enables higher speeds, and since the easier presentation into the gripper clamp requires less filling tension, the number of filling stops is reduced. The light gripper is also smaller, which results in a smoother entrance of the gripper in the shed, ensures less friction on the warp yarns thus reduces the warp breaks.

8. AIRJET LOOMS
1953
The production time is at the same as projectile weaving.
1968
Air jet looms running with relay nozzle, spaced at intervals of 40-80cm.
Further development
Increased speeds and width, greater patterning possibility, more electronic control and broader application versatility.
Now
Machine width is increased dramatically up to 213 inch and WIR (weft insertion rate) 2500 m/min.
The machine speed range from 500 to 1200 rpm.

9. MULTIPHASE LOOM
M8300 multi-phase weaving machine (Sulzer Textil) – whereby the weft insertion rate has been tripled.
The M8300 is used in the production of standard fabrics, which account for about two-thirds of all fabrics produced for the global market with a weft insertion rate of over 5000 m/min.
During weft insertion, it is first subjected to extreme acceleration and then sharp deceleration. It is loaded almost to breaking point. However, not only the yarns, but also the mechanisms of the machines are approaching their stress limits, so that single phase weaving can hardly be accelerated further. The central problem of high weft velocity can only be solved in a multi-phase system, where several weft threads are inserted simultaneously.
For example, simultaneous insertion of four wefts at a velocity of 1250 m/min results in a weft insertion rate of 5000 m/min. A shed is needed for each weft, and so at the same time four open sheds must also be available.

10. CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the machine that offers highest insertion rate among all shuttleless loom is multiphase loom but it has not yet capturing market. This is because it has another disadvantages which is less versatility, design limitation and problems in correcting a loose pick at the time of weft break.