Biosecurity basics for cattle operations … can you say “A-RITS”

Biosecurity basics for cattle operations … can you say “A-RITS”

Biosecurity Basics for Cattle Operations
Biosecurity is a practice designed to prevent the spread of disease by minimizing the movement of biologic organisms (viruses, bacteria, rodents, etc.) onto and within your operation. Biosecurity can be very difficult to maintain because the interrelationships between management, biologic organisms and biosecurity are very complex. While developing and maintaining biosecurity is difficult it is the cheapest, most effective means of disease control available and no disease prevention program will work without it.

Infectious diseases can be spread from operation to operation by:
introduction of diseased cattle or healthy cattle incubating disease, introduction of healthy cattle who have recovered from disease but are now carriers, vehicles, equipment, clothing and shoes of visitors or employees who move between herds, contact with inanimate objects that are contaminated with disease organisms,

Infectious diseases can be spread from operation to operation by:
carcasses of dead cattle that have not been disposed of properly, feedstuffs, especially high risk feedstuff which could be contaminated with feces, impure water (surface drainage water, etc), manure handling and aerosolized manure & dust, non-livestock (horses, dogs, cats, wildlife, rodents, birds and insects).

Biosecurity Major Components:
Assess – Resist – Isolate – Traffic – Sanitation RITS are multiple disease protection hurdles. Of all the possible breakdowns in biosecurity, the introduction of new cattle and traffic pose the greatest risk to cattle health. Properly managing these two factors should be a top priority on your operation. Biosecurity plans should be developed to meet the specific needs of each operation.

Biosecurity Starting Point:
An important first step is to develop a biosecurity resource group / team. The group should include people important to the success of you operation such as your operation supervisors, veterinarian, nutritionist, extension specialist, suppliers and others that may have special knowledge in control of biologic organisms.

Biosecurity Plan: Part 1
… the big “A” … ASSESSMENT Take a close look at what can go wrong … Assess the risk of each potential biosecurity problem …the relative significance & potential Evaluate potential to PRCE each risk identified! Prevent, Reduce, Control, or Eliminate Resistance in the herd … Source into and within the herd … Exposure within the herd …

Risk - Risk - Risk Risk Assessment Risk Management Risk Documentation
Evaluate … decide level appropriate Evaluate … basis for PRCE steps Risk Management Resistance, Exposure, Transmission Risk Documentation Record … Review recordings Surveillance testing

Risk Assessment Where are you when you start?
Additions, movements, contacts People, things, products Wildlife … Contamination … feed, etc Environmental

Biosecurity Risk … Evaluate
Accessibility Personnel training Immune Resistance Isolation Traffic Flow Sanitation Pest Control

Biosecurity – Specific Disease Control & Identification
Risk Training Isolation Traffic Control Sanitation Action Trigger Rapid Response Comments EXAMPLES … BS-Man-07-SpecficDisCont&ID.doc

Biosecurity Principles Diseases to Consider:
BSE FMD Salmonella BVD-PI Leptospirosis Johne’s Leucosis Anaplasmosis Viral calf scours TB - Bangs Rank significance to different production systems Threat type: EXTERNAL, INTERNAL, MANAGEMENT

Biosecurity Other Diseases or Situations
Cryptosporidiosis Coccidiosis, Sarcocystis Neospora, Toxoplasma Trichomoniasis, Vibrio Common Inherent Diseases IBR, BVD, PI3, BRSV, Pasteurella, Mycoplasma, & Clostridia Staph mastitis??? Mastitis (others???) Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Noxious weed Specific Bioterrorism Issues: Rank significance to different production systems Threat type: EXTERNAL, INTERNAL, MANAGEMENT

Applying HACCP to Biosecurity Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP): Five Preliminary Steps Bring together your HACCP resources / team Describe the production method / system Identify the intended use Develop a process flow diagram -- Verify the diagram Meet the requirements for Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOP) & the Good Management/Production Practices (GMP/GPP) standards. *These are the first line hurdles to protect animals from disease (Note: Cross contamination is a key question in developing the SSOP.)

Applying HACCP to Biosecurity Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP): Seven Specific Steps
1. Identify potential biological hazards (BH) - ranked / rated by significance to operation 2. Identify critical control points (CCP) - evaluate basis / evidence for CCP 3. Establish critical limits for CCPs 4. Establish CCP monitor procedure 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish record keeping procedure 7. Establish verification procedures

Conducting a Hazard Analysis: Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP):
Assure SSOP/GMP are in place Review product production & use Evaluate all ingredients Evaluate BH potential for each step Could BH reach product or magnify Could process cause BH contamination Are hazards addressed by SSOP/GMP Describe and identify each BH

Conducting a Hazard Analysis: Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP):
Assess significance based on Scientific &Technical information Observe the actual operating practices Be sure it is the usual process or practice Evaluate everything for possible cross contamination Review past BH contamination incidents Occurrence likelihood & severity of each BH Can the process “build in” preventive measures?

Critical Control Points Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP):
Steps to Identify CCPs Q1: Do preventive measures exist for BH? … if yes go to Q2, if no, is required of safety if no = not CCP, if yes modify process Q2: Does this step reduce/control/eliminate (PRCE) the likely occurrence of BH to an acceptable level? if yes = CCP, if no go to Q3 Q3: Could unacceptable BH contamination occur? if yes go to Q4, if no = not CCP = stop Q4: Will subsequent step eliminate the BH? if yes = not CCP, if no = CCP

Establish CCP Critical Limits (CL) Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP):
"The maximum or minimum value that must be controlled for each BCP hazard at each CCP.“ … Biosecurity focuses on BH CL may be regulated by USDA-APHIS and/or important to the operation Different situations may require different CL Document/file the CL for each BCP hazard

Establish CCP Monitoring Procedures Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP):
Establish the “Who - What - When – How” for each monitoring procedure. There should be a planned sequence of observations / measurements. Clearly identify people responsible of monitoring and train the people doing the monitoring why what they are monitoring is important, How to monitor and what to do if something goes wrong or is outside the CL established. Train them how to document what they monitor and have them sign all records.

Establish Corrective Procedures (CP) Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP):
Train people to know corrective procedures at each CCP. They need to be critical evaluators of how contamination is most likely to occur. Procedures should be worked out in advance for correcting the cause of "non-compliance" to prevent recurrence at a CCP and establish a method for demonstrating the CCP is again under control .

Establish Record Keeping Procedures Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP):
Review current records and determine which ones adequately address CCPs. Develop records/forms for identified CCPs and for corrective actions. Identify and train people to work with records. Documents should be dated and signed.

Establish Verification Procedures Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP):
Verification, a double check, must be ongoing and is in addition to monitoring activities Establish a method for verifying CCP control/monitoring and establish the frequency for which the CCP control/monitoring is verified Document verification procedures, date & sign

Validate the HACCP Plan Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP):
"Validation is the scientific & technical basis for CCP determination & CL identified and which control hazards." Validation should include a third party review and should be done regularly (yearly?). Validation should reassess potential new hazards. Evaluate all production steps, suppliers, equipment use and maintenance, isolation procedures, traffic control and sanitation.

Secret to HACCP Justify Activity Outcome Targets  Verify … PRCE …
Monitor Activity  Outcome Targets … PRCE …

Biosecurity Plan: Part 2 “RITS”
Resistance, Isolation, Traffic Control, & Sanitation. ??? Evidence Based ??? Maximize resistance (General  Specific Isolate from outside and within Control exposure & potential spread Clean, Clean & Clean

Risk Management - PRCE Prevent, Reduce, Control, Eliminate
Resistance … General  Specific SOURCE, EXPOSURE … Additions … Isolate, test, monitor, re-test … Traffic Control … Sanitation … Justify  Verify  Monitor Is there evidence for control? Is it getting done? Is it working? (surveillance testing)

Resistance Resistance refers to the animal’s disease defense (immune system) mechanisms having the ability to not become infected if exposed. The most important first step is proper nutrition and minimizing stress (environmental, handling, etc). Also important is proper selection and use of vaccines …

Isolation Isolation refers to the prevention of contact between animals within a controlled environment. The most important first step in disease control is to minimize commingling and movement of cattle. This includes all new purchases as well as commingling between established groups of cattle. Even in operations that have high cattle turn over such as feedlots, keeping feeding groups from mixing is an import biosecurity measure. Isolate feedlot hospital cattle and returned them to their home pen as soon as possible…

Isolation …. Long acting therapies have improved our ability to minimize movement of infectious organisms between groups. An important biosecurity action on ranches is to separate cattle by age and/or production groups. Facilities should be cleaned-up and disinfected appropriately between groups. Visit with your veterinarian about specific isolation management procedures and how they can be applied to control targeted diseases.

Traffic Control Traffic Control includes traffic onto your operation and traffic patterns within your operation. It is important to understand traffic includes more than vehicles. All animals and people must be considered. Animals other than cattle include dogs, cats, horses, wildlife, rodents, and birds. The degree of control will be dictated by the biology and ecology of the infectious organism being addressed and the control must be equally applied.

Traffic Control Stopping a pot from driving on to your operation as a biosecurity measure for controlling BVD may not be beneficial since the virus is spread from animal to animal. Purchasing cattle from herds that have a verifiable quality vaccination program would be more important in maximizing biosecurity. However, it would be important for the pot to have been adequately cleaned before hauling the cattle.

Traffic Control Traffic control can be built into the facilities design. An example would be placing cattle loading facilities on the perimeter of the operation. Traffic control within the operation should be designed to stop or minimize contamination of cattle, feed, feeding handling equipment and equipment used on cattle.

Traffic Control Pit silos should not be accessible from non-feed handling equipment such as loaders used outside the feeding area or vehicles that travel outside the feed mixing and handling facility. No one (manager, nutritionist, veterinarian, banker … no one) should be allowed to drive onto the surface of a trench silo.

Traffic Control The only equipment allowed should be the loader used for handling the feedstuff. In large pits it may be acceptable to allow feed trucks to enter provided they are loaded at least 100 feet away from the working face of the stored feed. If possible, separate equipment should be used for handling feedstuffs and manure.

Traffic Control Vehicles and employees should not travel from the dead cattle area without cleaning and disinfecting. The dead animal removal area should be placed in a location that allows rendering trucks access without cross-contaminating healthy cattle. Vehicle cleaning areas are becoming more common in commercial feedlots.

Traffic Control Unfortunately they are frequently only used for trucks and heavy equipment. Management should consider extending a de-contamination policy to other vehicles (especially tires, etc) that are used across biosecurity control areas on the operation. Ask your biosecurity resource team to help you evaluate traffic control on your operation.

Sanitation Sanitation addresses the disinfection of materials, people and equipment entering the operation and the cleanliness of the people and equipment on the operation. The first objective of sanitation is to prevent fecal contaminates from entering the oral cavity of cattle (fecal – oral cross contamination). Equipment used which may contact cattle’s oral cavity or cattle feed should be a special target.

Sanitation The first objective in sanitation is to remove organic matter, especially feces. Blood, saliva, and urine from sick or dead cattle should also be targeted. All equipment that handles feed or is introduced into the mouth of cattle should be cleaned, including disinfection as appropriate, before use. Loaders used for manure or dead cattle handling must be cleaned thoroughly before use with feedstuff. It would be best if different equipment could be used.

Sanitation Minimize the use of oral equipment and instruments such as balling guns, drench equipment, and tubes. If used at processing and treatment thoroughly clean and disinfected between animals. Store cleaned equipment in clean, dry areas. Avoid storage in tanks or containers containing disinfectants.

Sanitation … Disinfectants
Selection and use of Disinfectants Understand the target pathogen Understand the organic load Understand the disinfectant properties

Disinfectant Classification
Hypochlorites: Iodine and ionophore disinfectants: Chlorhexidine: Alcohols: Oxidizing Agents: Phenolic disinfectants: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: Aldehydes:

Disinfectant Properties .
All About Disinfectants Compound Chlorine 0.01-5% Iodophor 0.5-5% Chlorhexidine % Alcohol 70-95% Oxidizing 0.2-3% Phenol Quaternary Ammonium 0.1-2% Aldehyde 1-2% Examples Clorox Tincture / Provodine Novalsan VikronS Lysol Roccal-D Wavicide Bactericidal Good Very Good V Good Viricidal Fair Envelope Viruses Yes Non-Envelope Viruses No Bacterial Spores Poor F to G Fungicidal Fair to Good Effective in Organic Matter Inactivated by soap No &Yes Effective in Hard water Contact Time (minutes) 5-30 10-30 5-10 10-600 Residual activity

Disinfectant … Virus Targets
Envelope Bluetongue No Malignant Catarrhal Fever Yes PI3 Rotavirus Enteric Coronavirus Rabies Papillomatosis Resp. Coronavirus Herpes Mammillitis Leukemia BVD Cowpox Pseudocowpox Papular Stomatitis BRSV Foot & Mouth Vesicular Stomatitis IBR / IPV Lumpy Skin Disease

Biosecurity-Security Emergency Action Plan
Assessing the situation: Is it a disease concern? Is it a contaminate concern? Is it an intruder concern? NOTIFY THE PROPER PERSONNEL IMPLEMENT QUICK RESPONSE PLAN SANITATION … SECURITY

Rapid Response Plans Prioritized for both biosecurity & security
Levels identified for all operation personnel Establish a communication chain between levels Each level taught “What to look for “, should include specific observations Each level taught “Who to contact”, prioritized by type of emergency Each level taught “How to respond”, including specific actions by level of threat

Rapid Response Team A person assigned from each operation area
Direct communication to the management level Each team member will have a trained backup Each team member will be responsible for implementation Each team member will be empowered to enforce the plan

Rapid Response Outline
Assess The Situation Is it a disease concern? Is it a contamination concern? Is it an intruder concern? Notify The Proper Personnel Rapid Response and Security Team Operations manager – and Owner(s) Consulting veterinarian Consulting nutritionist

Rapid Response Outline Implement Quick Response Plan
The Rapid & Security Response Team will address the responsibilities for all other employees. Secure all points of access to and from the operation Keep activities and personnel movement to a minimum to prevent further contamination No cattle will leave or be accepted to the operation until authorized by USDA-APHIS

Any cattle in transit to the operation will be diverted to another facility In a case of contamination assess the potential for incoming any feedstuffs exposure to the contaminate Cancel or modify orders If in transit, send back to supplier or locate an alternate delivery point Cancel all tours and visitors currently scheduled – No Exceptions

Enforce Sanitation and Traffic Control Strict traffic control onto and within the operation Have sanitation stations at each area throughout the operation Set up an Establish a sanitation area near the only access point into the operation

Security There will be at least two employees will be at the operation at all times Assign one entrance and one exit will be assigned at each operation location Perimeter gates will remain locked at all times No vehicles will enter or leave the premises until authorized No visitors, other than federal and state APHIS officials No cattle movement unless authorized by federal or state officials

Biosecurity Checklist Good Management Practices for Controlling Infectious Diseases

Critical Management Point Biosecurity is an important BQA!
Biosecurity & Beef quality assurance (BQA) starts and ends with a commitment by the manager. Unless management is committed to improving quality & limiting infectious pathogens, little will be accomplished–by the nutritionist, the veterinarian, cattle buyer, extension specialist, or anyone else. A commitment to biosecurity plan is an important first step forward in a march to quality. Keeping pathogens out of a herd improves production, reduces risks to employees and family, and lowers production costs. Review the checklist below.

Good Management Practices Checklist Producers Must Ask Themselves
I meet quality standards, including BQA standards set for cattle by my customers. My cattle buyers offer quality premiums. I routinely qualify for these premiums. I understand it is more profitable to prevent problems than to correct problems. I agree that doing things right the first time is a critical part of biosecurity.

Good Management Practices Checklist
Biosecurity requires some method of cattle identification. Is an identification system in place. Can the quality represented in my cattle readily track and validate to others. Can the cattle consistently be sold with a minimum quality related discounts.

Critical Management Point Sanitation
How can you control infectious pathogens? Think - Clean, Clean - Think!

Prevent manure contamination of feed and equipment used orally. Clean equipment used orally between animals. Prevent cross contamination between healthy and sick/dead cattle. Regularly evaluate the activities of processes to assess the potential for contaminating cattle. If manure accidentally contaminates feed or water, is an immediate remedy provided.

Critical Management Point Equipment
Management of equipment used for manure disposal, feeding and other day to day work is an important part of biosecurity.

Different equipment to feed & clean pens. No one ever steps in the feed bunk. Manure hauling equipment is never left in pens with different groups of animals. Contaminated vehicles & equipment is always cleaned before use around healthy cattle.

Feeding equipment is routinely cleaned and disinfected. Cattle handling equipment is routinely cleaned and disinfected between groups. Manure handling equipment is routinely cleaned and disinfected.

Critical Management Point Biocontainment
Biocontainment involves control of enteric (intestinal), reproductive, and respiratory pathogens within each segment of a herd.

Good Management Practices
Facilities provide a clean area for restraint, treatment and isolation. Facilities prevent cross contamination of water, manure, feed, or equipment between groups. Plan to manage group size, age distribution, and animal flow to reduce risk of disease.

Handle highest health status animals first (young calves, then older & sick last). Everyone uses strict sanitation practices All animals that die are properly examined. All abortions are investigated.

Visitors observe strict sanitation practices. Vehicles and equipment are cleaned of contamination before use around healthy cattle.

Critical Management Point Keeping infectious diseases off an operation
For many producers maintaining a closed herd can be difficult. Use this checklist to guide discussions on how to keep infectious diseases off an operation.

General Control Practices, Introducing new arrivals, Isolation–My facilities:

General Control Practices
Are cattle purchased from or for others. Veterinarians of seller & buy talk prior to purchase. Do cattle use community pastures, or are placed in performance evaluation centers. Do cattle share fence lines with neighbor’s cattle. Are bulls purchased, or borrowed from other farms.

Are cattle purchased from Johne’s certified free farm considered. Is the health status of animals brought into an operation known. Are cattle purchased without knowing their vaccination history. Are cattle purchased from a source that has mixed origins.

Limit purchases to open heifers. Transport cattle in clean vehicles. Is the biosecurity, vaccination, and testing program for herd(s) known for replacement cattle. Are new arrivals quarantined before allowing them contact the operation’s cattle … How long should it be???

Quarantined area designed to:
Prevent quarantined animals from sharing air space with healthy animals. Prevent quarantined animals from touching herd’s cattle. Prevent sharing of feeders, waterers, etc. Allow care for quarantined animal’s without cross contaminating other cattle.

Quarantined area designed to:
Controlling farm traffic. Limit people’s access to cattle pens, feeding mixing and storage area, and treatment area. Have a control program for outside animals which could spread disease (rodents, etc.). Loading area is located at the perimeter Dead animal pickup is located so that contamination is prevented. A “Visitor Record” is kept

Critical Management Point Calf management – a special part of biosecurity
Replacement heifers commonly come from within the herd but may come from other herds. Proper care helps contain diseases.

A strategic vaccination and parasite control plan is in place of all cows. Replacement cattle are kept off pastures where manure has been spread for six months. Replacement cattle are kept separate from other cattle for at least six months

Replacement cattle have a separate source of water. A veterinarian is annually consulted about calf care. Employees are trained … The calving area is clean & disinfected. All calves are fed colostrum from cows that have been tested clean of infectious diseases.

Navel’s are routinely dipped at birth with strong iodine ??? Calves are permanently identified prior to any grouping.

Critical Management Point Use vaccines strategically
The cost of many infectious diseases in cattle can be effectively reduced by strategic vaccinations. Vaccines do not always prevent disease; however, they may modify the severity of diseases.

Have a written strategic vaccination plan drawn up for each operation. If YES Have a list of diseases for which vaccines are routinely used. Have determined which animals benefit from vaccinations. Know when cattle need the protection of vaccinations.

Protect against abortion by using a prebreeding vaccination program (Lepto, IBR, BVD). Try to remove carriers of BVD as their presence can be the source for my other cattle. Have animals that die unexpectedly examined by my veterinarian (necropsy).

Modified live vaccine are used when appropriate or necessary. All incoming cattle are vaccinated for IBR, BVD, PI3, BRSV and lepto on twice prior to arrival.

Critical Management Point Biosecurity includes testing
Testing measures effectiveness at keeping diseases (BVD and BLV) out of a herd, and testing identifies the incidence of those diseases with a long incubation interval (Johne’s). Permanent identification and testing are the foundation of strategic culling.

Johne’s (M. paratuberculosis)
Animals can carry Johne’s organism for months or years without showing outward or clinical signs. Meanwhile animals with Johne’s disease reduce your herd’s production and expose other animals in the herd. Johne’s can be spread by manure, umbilical cord, milk, or other animal-to-animal contact.

A testing program for Johne’s disease should incorporate the following: Whole herd is screened using an antibody ELISA test (measures antibody in blood). Whole herd is tested using a fecal culture. Animals testing positive are culled. (Johne’s is reportable disease in many states.)

Replacement heifers are tested prior to introduction to the herd. Calves from cows testing positive are removed to a feedlot. Have implemented a follow-up Johne’s testing program & reviewed the results.

BOVINE LEUKOSIS Testing purchased animals during quarantine is very important, especially for viral diseases. Are needles used on more than one animal? Are sleeves discarded between animals? Are cows which provide colostrum for calves tested for bovine leukosis?

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral disease of cattle of any age. BVD is primarily a reproductive disease. Clinical signs can vary from pneumonia to abortions, stunted calves, stillbirths, weak calves, and full blown disease with a watery diarrhea that leads to death.

Understand “persistently infected” (PI) animals as they relate to BVD. Not be willing to live with one or more PI calves in a herd. Not be willing to keep a PI calf as a replacement heifer. Commit to finding BVD PI cattle in the herd (Immuno-histo-Chemestry / immunoperoxide)

Discuss killed versus modified live virus MLV vaccines for BVD.

Salmonella (Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella dublin)
Salmonella has many strains that infect cattle. Testing can isolate carrier animals & guide decisions that affect your profit.

Salmonella Awareness that some salmonella organisms cause disease in humans. Blood test cows and replacement heifers for salmonella yearly and cull carrier cows? Isolate sick cattle in hospital area & review approach to therapy. Provide dry, clean, disinfected calf & maternity pens. Test purchased feed for salmonella.

Salmonella Restrict birds and rodents from access to an operation’s animal feed. Limit the number of cats and stray animals on an operation. Do not allow rendering trucks to access feed or animal areas. Realize that family & employees can be infected with salmonella from an operation’s animals.

Neospora caninus Neospora caninus is a protozoal parasite that is associated with abortion in cattle. Herd testing may be useful. Awareness that abortions may be caused by Neospora infection. Understand how Neospora infection is transmitted.

Neospora caninus Replacements are tested prior to introduction to the herd. Embryo recipients are candidates for testing. Infection with Neospora can influence milk production.

Questions and / or Comments

Biosecurity basics for cattle operations … can you say “A-RITS”

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Biosecurity basics for cattle operations … can you say “A-RITS”"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Biosecurity basics for cattle operations … can you say “A-RITS”

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Biosecurity basics for cattle operations … can you say “A-RITS”"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback