1. CHAPTER 29
EVOLUTION
Evolution: Isn't Evolution Just a Theory?

2. Keystone Anchors
BIO.B Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies of a population.
BIO.B Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of new species (e.g., isolating mechanisms, genetic drift, founder effect, migration).
BIO.B Explain how genetic mutations may result in genotypic and phenotypic variations within a population.
BIO.B Interpret evidence supporting the theory of evolution (i.e., fossil, anatomical, physiological, embryological, biochemical, and universal genetic code).

3. EVOLUTION KEY TERMS Primate Evolution Vestigial Structure Fossil
Catastrophism
Mutation
Uniformitarianism
Adaptation
Genetic drift
Evolution
Fossil
Founder effect
Gradualism
Natural selection
Punctuated equilibrium
Speciation
Embryology

4. Process Box 1
What do you know about evolution? What do you want to know? Do you believe in evolution? Why or why not? Write response in 7 lines

5. Early Ideas on Evolution
Carolus Linnaeus, 1735
_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________
Georges Buffon, 1749
Erasmus Darwin, 1749
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809
2nd to classify organisms based on their _________
Proposed that species shared ________________
Proposed that more complex life forms arose from _______ complex life forms
Proposed that changes in an environment caused changes in ________________
traits
ancestors
less
organisms

6. Theories of Geologic Change sets the stage for the Theory of Evolution
CATASTROPHISM GRADUALISM UNIFORMITARIANISM

7. CATASTROPHISM GRADUALISM UNIFORMITARIANISM
Georges Cuvier
Theory proposed by _______________________.
States that ______________________________ such as ___________ and _______________________________ have shaped ________________ and caused species to become ___________________ in the process.
Natural disasters
floods
volcanic eruptions
landforms
extinct
GRADUALISM
Theory proposed by ______________________.
States that the changes in landfoms resulted from ___________________ that had occurred over a long period of time.
James Hutton
slow changes
UNIFORMITARIANISM
Theory proposed by ______________________.
States that the changes in geologic processes that shape the Earth are uniform through time. __________________________________________________________________________________
Charles Lyell
The changes have happened in the past and are ONGOING!

8. Review
List four events that could cause change according to CATASTROPHISM
_____________________ _____________________
What is the difference between CATASTROPHISM AND GRADULISM?
GRADUALISM AND UNIFORMITARIANISM are more closely related, describe
this relationship and how they differ.
HURRICANES
TSUNAMIS
VOLCANO ERUPTIONS
EARTHQUAKES
*ANY NATURAL DISASTER THAT LEADS TO QUICK CHANGE*
GRADUALISM-slow changes to landforms. Ex) Grand Canyon
CATASTROPHISM- instant changes to landforms. Ex) Natural Disasters
UNIFORMITARIANISM is GRADUALISM that states slow changes are CONSTANT over ALL TIME.

9. A cat, quick enough to snatch a bird successfully today, might not be speedy enough to catch the next generation of birds, because only the swiftest of yesterday’s birds remain to provide offspring.
Type I: write a 5 line response to the statement above about how it relates to evolution

10. Traits that make a living thing able to survive in its surroundings.
ADAPTATIONS
Traits that make a living thing
able to survive in its surroundings.
TYPES OF FEET
TYPES OF BEAKS
WEBBED
CLAWED
FISH
INSECTS
HOOVED
PADDED
NUTS
FISH

11. OTHER ADAPTATIONS COLORATION BODY FAT AND THICK FUR
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
ADAPTATION ACTIVITY

12. Because it doesn't eat meat
Why doesn't the
bird have teeth?
Because it doesn't eat meat
and has no need for them.
_______________________

13. WHICH MOTH WOULD BE MOST RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS PREDATOR?
What happens to the moth that is not selected by the predator?
1. It survives It passes on his traits
_______________
_______________________

14. WHICH MOTH WOULD BE MOST RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS PREDATOR?
What happens to the moth that is not selected by the predator?
1. It survives It passes on its traits
_______________
_______________________

15. Who determined which moth was better adapted to its surroundings?
NATURAL SELECTION
Who determined which moth was
better adapted to its surroundings?
OWL
_____________________________
Principles of NS
Natural Selection- process in which something in nature does the selecting of what will survive and what will not survive.
____________________ - ______________________________________
___________________________________________________________

16. WHAT THINGS IN NATURE CAN SELECT WHO LIVES?
PREDATORS
WEATHER CONDITIONS
RESOURCE SHORTAGES
DISEASE
____________________________
_________________________________________
_______________________________________________
____________________________

18. Preying Mantis:
Camouflaged to hide
from its prey.
Would you see it?

19. Walking Stick:
Camouflaged to hide
from its predators.

21. Thorn Bug:
Camouflaged to hide
from its predators.

23. ADAPTATIONS IN REVIEW Adaptations = traits Traits = genes
Adaptations = genes
______________________________

24. Process Box 2 Define Natural Selection.
List four different kinds of ‘Natural Selectors’ and give an example of each: 1. 2. 3. 4.

25. BEAN LAB RESULTS

27. “You do not carry your genes around as a way of reproducing yourself; your genes carry you around as a way of reproducing themselves”

28. MUTATIONS A CHANGE IN THE DNA CODE ARE NATURAL EVENTS
CAN BE A SOURCE FOR NEW TRAITS
THESE NEW TRAITS CAN BE ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE THEY MIGHT HELP THE ORGANISM SURVIVE IN ITS ENVIRONMENT

29. ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? -NO- HELPFUL HARMFUL BROWN COAT TO WHITE COAT
__________________
The brown rabbit is more easily seen by predators. It will most likely not survive and reproduce.
__________________
The white deer is more easily seen by predators. It will most likely not survive and reproduce.

30. Size gene??

31. Height??

32. Albino gene??

33. What determines what a GOOD gene is or a BAD gene???
Environment (nature)
An albino gene is BAD in a forest environment. The animal will die.
An albino gene is GOOD in a snowy environment. The animal will flourish!!

34. Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals will survive.
Genetic variation leads to phenotypic variation.
Phenotypic variation is necessary for natural selection.
Genetic variation is stored in a population’s gene pool.
made up of all alleles in a population
allele combinations form when organisms have offspring

35. Allele frequencies measure genetic variation.
measures how common allele is in population
can be calculated for each allele in gene pool

36. Genetic variation comes from several sources.
Mutation is a random change in the DNA of a gene
Recombination forms new combinations of alleles
can form new allele
can be passed on to offspring if in reproductive cells
usually occurs during meiosis
parents’ alleles arranged in new ways in gametes

37. Gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations.
Gene flow occurs when individuals join new populations and reproduce.
Gene flow keeps neighboring populations similar.
Low gene flow increases the chance that two populations will evolve into different species.
bald eagle migration

38. Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies due to chance.
Genetic drift causes a loss of genetic diversity.
It is most common in small populations.
A population bottleneck can lead to genetic drift.
It occurs when an event drastically reduces population size.
The bottleneck effect is genetic drift that occurs after a bottleneck event.

39. The founding of a small population can lead to genetic drift.
It occurs when a few individuals start a new population.
The founder effect is genetic drift that occurs after start of new population.

40. Genetic drift has negative effects on a population.
less likely to have some individuals that can adapt
harmful alleles can become more common due to chance
Mechanisms of evolution
Founder effect

41. Process Box 3 Define Genetic Variation (1 pt)
List two different factors that lend itself to genetic variation.(2pts) 1. 2.
List and describe two ways that genetic frequencies change in a population over time.
(2 pts)
MUTATION
RECOMBINATION
GENETIC DRIFT AND GENETIC FLOW

42. SPECIES FORMATION
Species – A group of living things that can breed with others of the same species and form ‘FERTILE’ offspring.
Speciation – evolution of 2 or more species from one ancestral species
Punctuated equilibrium – theory that speciation occurs suddenly and rapidly followed by long periods of little change
Fertile – being able to reproduce by
forming egg or sperm cells

43. SPECIES FORMATION New species are formed by:
Animals within the same species are separated by a barrier, (water, mountains, etc).
They live apart for thousands of years with different living conditions.
2. Natural selection takes place within the two separate regions.
3. Individuals with the desirable traits for their specific environment survive and reproduce.
4. Over time the two groups can become different species as they develop different adaptations.
5 Fingers of Evolution
_________
__________________________
_________
_____________________
_______________
_____________________
_________

44. Process Box 4
Name at least 3 things that have to happen in order for a new species for originate. 1. 2. 3.

45. Type II Explain speciation in a paragraph.
Include AND CIRCLE the terms: isolation, mutation, recombination, natural selection
Bonus points
‘If’ any additional evolutionary terms are included AND boxed.
’If’ you include any specific concepts such as genetic flow, genetic drift, bottleneck effect, or founder effect 1. 2. 3.

46. Galapagos Islands Your Text Here Seed Eaters Plant Eaters
Insect Eaters
Cactus Eaters
Your Text Here

47. CHARLES DARWIN Naturalist
English __________________ who wrote the __________________________
Developed the ___________________________
Stated that evolution is a _______________ in the ______________ ______________ of a group of organisms over time.
Origin of the Species
Theory of Evolution
change
hereditary
features
Controversy

48. evidence of the evolutionary process.
Charles Darwin traveled on the HMS Beagle from England to the ____________________________
It is on these islands that Darwin made his observations and compiled __________________________________________
Galapagos Islands
evidence of the evolutionary process.

49. Darwin's Observations Variation Adaptation Population over time
_______________________: the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs.
________________________: Variation that occurs among members of different species
________________________: Variation that occurs among individuals of the same species.
Interspecific Variation
Intraspecific Variation
Adaptation
_______________________: The feature(s) that allow an organism to better survive in its environment.
Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a _______________________________________.
Population over time

51. Summary of Evolutionary Points
CHARLES DARWIN
Summary of Evolutionary Points
LIVING THINGS OVERPRODUCE
THERE IS VARIATION AMONG OFFSPRING
ADAPTATION: THERE IS A STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE, THOSE BETTER ADAPTED ARE MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION: NATURAL SELECTION IS ALWAYS TAKING PLACE-LEAVING COMMON ADVANTAGEOUS TRAITS IN POPULATION
Evolution: Why Does Evolution Matter Now?

52. Process Box 5
List the four principals of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. (Give an example of each) 1. 2. 3. 4.

53. What three pieces of information can you infer from this graph?
Process Box 6
What three pieces of information can you infer from this graph?
BEAR POPULATION
Brown Bear
White Bear
Number of Bear

55. ONLY THE STRONG SURVIVE!
BOTTOM LINE:
ONLY THE STRONG SURVIVE!
_______________________________________________________

56. Common Misconception:
First living thing
HUMAN EVOLUTION
Common Misconception:
HUMANS
COME
FROM
MONKEYS

57. Hamadryas baboon (Africa)
PRIMATES
NEW WORLD MONKEYS
OLD WORLD MONKEYS
APES
Have tails
Nostrils Point Upwards
Some have tails
Nostrils Point Downwards
No tails
Hamadryas baboon (Africa)
Patas monkey (Africa)
Congo Gorilla
Prehensile tails   (spider monkeys)  
Howler Monkey

58. PRIMATE EVOLUTION “Before Monkey” PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEYS
OLD WORLD MONKEYS
APES
HUMANS
40 MILLION
30 MILLION
10 MILLION

59. HUMAN EVOLUTION First steps Common Ancestor - Anatomy APES
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
Southern ape, Walked upright, very short. “Lucy”
_____________________________________
HOMO HABILIS
Used tools, somewhat taller. Lived in Africa
_____________________________________
4.4 MYA – Ardi; Ardipithecus – “ground ape + root (ramidus) in Afar language Australopithecus – 3.9 MYA; Homo Habilis – 2 MYA; Homo Erectus – 1.8 MYA; Neanderthals – 150K – 30K years ago
Common ancestor – 6 MYA.
HOMO ERECTUS
Left Africa, fire, carnivore. Larger brain and body
______________________
HOMO Neanderthalensis
Neanderthal
_____________________________________
HOMO SAPIEN SAPIEN
Cave Drawings, This is us!
_____________________________________
10 MILLION
YEARS AGO
Ardi
Did humans evolve?

60. Homo Habilis
2.5 million years
Homo Erectus
1.5 million years

61. What do the differences in the skull suggest?
HARD PROOF OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
What do the differences in the skull suggest?
____________________________
Virtual lab – Hominoid skulls
Hominid Skulls

62. Comparing Fossil Evidence C B A
Acurate measurements are taken to compare fossils.
A line is drawn over the eye socket from front to back of skull
A line is drawn under the eye socket from front to back of skull
A line is drawn from the highest point on the top of skull to lower line. B A
Supraorbital index : Using a metric ruler,
1. Multiply the value of BC by 100 ____
2. Divide the result by AC ____
Size of Brain / Intelligence
What is the supraorbital index measuring? _____________________________

63. We share a common ancestor.
So, while we don't
"come from" monkeys,
We share a common ancestor.
"Star" a point
on the pedigree
to indicate that
common ancestor.

64. PRIMATE EVOLUTION “Before Monkey” PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEYS
OLD WORLD MONKEYS
APES
HUMANS
40 MILLION
30 MILLION
10 MILLION

65. PRIMATE EVOLUTION “Before Monkey” PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEYS
OLD WORLD MONKEYS
Common Ancestor of
Human and Chimpanzee
APES
HUMANS
40 MILLION
30 MILLION
10 MILLION

66. Common Ancestor shared
PRIMATE EVOLUTION
“Before Monkey”
PROSIMIANS
NEW WORLD MONKEYS
OLD WORLD MONKEYS
Common Ancestor shared
between Hominids
APES
HUMANS
40 MILLION
30 MILLION
10 MILLION

67. Process Box 7
Someone tells you that they do not believe in evolution because “people don’t come from monkeys.” In 5 lines, explain why this person’s thinking about evolution is erroneous.

68. Creationists argue that speciation has never been seen
Creationists argue that speciation has never been seen. Here’s part of a December 31, 2008, posting by Jonathan Wells on the Web site of the antithetically named Discovery Institute: “Darwinism depends on the splitting of one species into two, which then diverge and split and diverge and split, over and over again, to produce the branching-tree pattern required by Darwin’s theory. And this sort of speciation has never been observed.”
The claim makes me think of the trial where a man was charged with biting off another man’s ear in a bar fight. An eyewitness to the fracas took the stand. The defense attorney asked, “Did you actually see with your own eyes my client bite off the ear in question?” The witness said, “No.” The attorney pounced: “So how can you be so sure that the defendant actually bit off the ear?” To which the witness replied, “I saw him spit it out.” We have the fossils, the intermediate forms, the comparative anatomy, the genomic homologies—we’ve seen what evolution spits out.

69. PROOF OF EVOLUTION __Body Comparisons__
___Fossils______________________________________________________
__Embryos_____________________

70. FOSSILS Remains of once-living things
Complex Organisms
Newest Layer of Rock
Remains of once-living things
Found in earth’s crust within sedimentary rock
____________________
____________________
Oldest Layer of Rock
Simple Organisms

71. BODY COMPARISONS
Shows common traits in organisms which determine relationships/evolution
______________________________
_________________________________________
_______________________________
______________
__________
1. Body Structure
a. Bones: (Number of bones, Length of bones, etc)
b. Skulls: (Size of, Position of, Similarities of, etc)
2. Body Chemistry
a. DNA
b. Blood

72. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES
Homologous Structures
Features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Their appearance across different species offers strong evidence for _______________ ___________________
Common descent

73. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES
Analogous Structures
Structures that perform a similar function BUT are not similar in origin.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
These structures do not provide evidence for a
_______________________
Common ancestor

74. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
Remnants of _________________ or __________________ that had a function in an early ancestor.
ORGANS
STRUCTURES
SEX ORGANS (Dandelions)
VESTIGIAL BEHAVIORS-FAKE SEX (Virgin Whiptail Lizards)
WINGS OF FLIGHTLESS BIRDS (Cassowary) (Ostrich)
HIND LEG BONES IN SNAKES (Boa or Python)
PELVIC BONES (Baloon Whale)
BLIND EYES (Astyanax Mexicanus)

75. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES IN HUMANS
Wisdom Teeth
GOOSE BUMPS
TAIL BONE

76. BROAD AND SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS
Structure of organisms
Skulls of fossil Hominidae
Australopithecus
robustus
Homo habilis & H. sapiens
Evolution from different
______________
of animals
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens neanderthalis
CLASSES
Evolution within same _______________ of animals
ORDER

77. EMBRYOLOGY The study of embryos Show common ancestry
Show common traits
____________________
____________________
Which one is human?
How does evolution work
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE - body part that no longer has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of humans

78. Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence.
Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences.

79. Process Box 8:
Describe 4 types of evidence for evolution. Be sure to include how the evidence supports the theory of evolution.

80. TERMINOLOGY
COMPETITION: __struggle among living things to get their needs______________________________
EVOLUTION : _change in hereditary features in a group of organisms over time_________________
EXTINCT : _life-form that no longer exists_____________________________________________
FERTILE : ___can produce viable egg and sperm___________________________________
FOSSIL : __remains of once living things from the past_____________________________________
NATURAL SELECTION _something in a living thing’s surroundings will determine if it will survive__
NEW-WORLD MONKEY _tails that can grasp and nostrils that open upward__________________
OLD-WORLD MONKEY __cannot grasp with tails and have downward nostrils_________________
OPPOSABLE THUMB: _thumb that is positioned opposite of other fingers_________________
PRIMATE: _have eyes that face forward and thumbs that grasp_____________________________
SEDIMENTARY ROCK: _form from mud, sand and other fine particles___________________________
SPECIES: __group of living things that can produce fertile offspring__________________________
VARIATION: _a trait that makes an individual different from others of its species________________
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE: _body part that no longer has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of humans

82. Type I What does evolution mean to you in everyday language?
What does evolution mean to you in the language of science?

83. Type I Making Predictions/Making Connections:
What does the concepts of ‘Geological Change’ have to do with the concept of ‘Evolution’?

84. Type I
Understanding
Write down three organisms and describe how they are adapted to their environment.

85. Type I
Talk in your group about the evolution of the human. Develop a theory of how the human came to be.

86. Type I
List and describe different forms of evidence that provide proof that evolution has/continues to take place.

87. Type I
Give an example of interspecific and intraspecific variations in organisms. 1. 2.

88. Type I
Go back to the process box where you ‘listed and described different forms of evidence that provide proof that evolution’.
Now list two other types of evidence that you didn’t consider initially. Circle the type of evidence you feel is the greatest form of proof.

89. How do you suppose elephants are from both Asia and Africa?
Type I
How do you suppose elephants are from both Asia and Africa?

90. Type I How do organisms acquire their adaptations?
What is the source of new traits/adaptations?