1. Jazz

2.  Shortly after the War of 1812  From New Orleans, LA  Instruments included trumpets, trombones, clarinets, saxophones, and drums  A mixture of traditional ethnic music, gospel, blues, ragtime, classical (from Creole musicians)

3.  Jazz – a musical form distinguished by its reliance on improvisation and its rhythmic urgency  Polyrhythmic – juxtaposing two or more different rhythms  Eubie Blake, James P. Johnson, and Earl Hines set norms on “stride piano”

4.  Ferdinand Morton – 1885-1941  Perfected Dixieland Jazz – small ensemble, one of each instrument, blend of simultaneous improvisation  “Black Bottom Stomp”  Break – a measure or two where everyone stops playing except the soloist  Scat singing – a form of vocal improvisation on nonsense syllables (Ella Fitzgerald)

5.  1898-1991  From New Orleans  Trumpet, vocals  Nicknamed – “Satchmo”  With style of “hot jazz” sizes of band expanded  “Hotter than That” – Lil Hardin

6.  New style of jazz (1930s)– swing – the special rhythmic character that jazz musicians give to the music  Fletcher Henderson developed swing style and expanded jazz ensembles to compliment the style  Brass section – 3 trumpets, 2 trombones  Reed section – 3 or 4 saxes (double clarinets)  Rhythm section – drums, piano, guitar and double bass  Henderson Stomp – trading fours

7.  Mid 1930s, music was primarily for listening, not dancing  Benny Goodman – clarinetist, Russian-Jewish immigrant family, “King of Swing”, first/only major jazz artist to have a parallel career in classical music  Lester Young – played tenor sax, ushered the transition from clarinet to sax  32 bar form – AABA form, standard jazz form  Bridge – a connective part of a composition

8.  Duke Ellington – one of the most important American composers, wrote over 2000 pieces, “It Don’t Mean a Thing” – sung by Ella Fitzgerald, “Cotton Tail”  Chromatic – incorporating tones from a musical scale consisting entirely of half steps  Mary Lou Williams – popular female composer, Zodiac Suite (Gemini)

9.  Bebop – a complex and sophisticated type of improvised jazz, for listening rather than dancing  Smaller ensemble than big band/swing, more freedom to improvise

10.  John Birks “Dizzy” Gillespie – trumpet  Charlie “Yardbird” Parker – alto sax  Made melodies more chromatic, harmonies and rhythms became more complex, rapid tempos and dazzling technical displays  “Shaw Nuff” by Gillespie and Parker

11.  1950s – return to Dixieland and Ragtime styles, developed new styles “rhythm and blues” and “modal jazz”  Dorian Mode – a scale with the pattern of WHWWWHW  Miles Davis – pioneer of modal jazz, “So What”  Thelonious Monk – “Smoke Gets in Your Eyes”

12.  1960s/70s – “free jazz”, similar to modal jazz, just more complex  Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, and Quincy Jones – pushed new style of “fusion” – combination of jazz and rock  “Birdland” - fusion  “So Danco Samba” - Latin  “I Got You” - blues