1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
STANDARD(S) ADDRESS: 12.1 Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of American democracy as expressed in the Constitution.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
Summarize the obligations that the Constitution places on the National Government with regard to the States.
Explain the process for admitting new States to the Union.
Examine the many and growing areas of cooperative federalism.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS
Commitment
Attitude
CARES
Respect
Encouragement
Safety

3. Grants ……
Beer LAW 1984

4. Key Terms
enabling act: an act directing the people of a U.S. territory to frame a proposed State constitution
act of admission: an act creating a new State
grants-in-aid program: grants of federal money or other resources to the States and their cities, counties, and other local government units

5. Key Terms, cont.
block grant: a grant given for a broadly defined purpose
Revenue sharing: federal program , congress shared federal tax revenue with states
categorical grant: a grant made for a specific, well-defined purpose
project grant: a grant made to States, local governments, or private agencies that apply for funds to carry out a project or provide training
Representative Government: a republican form of government.

6. Introduction
According to the Constitution, what must the National Government guarantee to each State?
Republican Form of Government
Invasion and Internal Disorder
Respect for Territorial Integrity

7. Guarantees and Protections
The Constitution guarantees each State a republican form of government.
This guarantee is interpreted to mean that each State must have a representative government.

11. The Nation’s Obligations to the States
GUIDED READING
The Nation’s Obligations to the States
1. A republican form of government is
A republican form of government is representative government

12. Guarantees and Protections
The Federal government must protect the States from invasions and domestic violence.
Federal force has rarely been used to restore order inside a State, though it happened in the 1960s during the civil rights movement.

13. Invasion

14. Turmoil

16. Disaster

17. GUIDED READING The Nation’s Obligations to the States
2. Three obligations the Constitution places on the National Government for the benefit of the States are:
a. to protect against invasion and domestic violence
b. to guarantee every State a representative government
c. to recognize the boundaries and physical existence of each State

18. Other Protections
Presidents normally send in troops by State request, but if national laws, functions, or property are endangered, they do not need to wait for a request.
The national government must recognize the legal existence and physical borders of each State.
Each State must be represented in the U.S. Congress.

20. Admitting New States
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set the rules for admitting new States.
It established the principle that U.S. territories could become equal members of the nation once they had a high enough population.
Only Congress can admit new States.
A new State cannot be made from the territory of any existing States without their consent.

21. Territorial Expansion of the U.S.

22. Admitting New States, cont.
Congress has admitted 37 States since the nation was founded.
Most States spent at least 15 years as part of territories before admission.
In 1959, Hawaii and Alaska became the last two States added to the Union.
NOTE TO TEACHERS: Above image shows residents of Hawaii celebrating their new statehood in 1959.

23. Admission Procedure
An area desiring Statehood first asks Congress for admission.
If Congress agrees, it passes an enabling act.
The territory must then hold a convention to write a proposed constitution.
This constitution must then be approved first by territorial voters and later by Congress.
If Congress approves the State constitution, it passes an act of admission, which the President must then sign to admit the new State.
Checkpoint Answer: The territory must hold a convention to create a proposed state constitution, which must then be ratified by the territory’s voters and later by Congress before the state can be admitted into the Union.

24. GUIDED READING Admitting New States
3. A congressional act directing a territory that wants to become a State to frame a proposed State constitution is called
an enabling act
4. A congressional law that agrees to grant statehood is
an act of admission

25. Admission Procedure, cont.
Congress may require a State to meet certain conditions before being admitted.
For example, Utah was not admitted until it outlawed polygamy (and women suffrage).
These conditions cannot interfere with a State’s independent right to manage its own internal affairs.

26. Federal Grants
grants-in-aid program: grants of federal money or other resources to the States and their cities, counties, and other local government units
Congress began granting federal lands and money to the States early in the nation’s history.
Land grants were often used to establish schools, colleges, and roads, while cash grants were less common until the 1930s.
Today there are more than 500 grant programs offering about $300 billion.
States often depend on this money to fund services, which increases the influence of the federal government in many policy areas.

28. Types of Federal Grants
Congress sets aside money for three types of grants-in-aid:
Categorical grants must be used only for a specific purpose. They require States to contribute their own funds, have an agency monitoring the grant, and obey federal guidelines for using the grant money.
Block grants have broader goals and fewer strings attached.
Project grants fund various State and local projects.

30. Types of Federal Grants, cont.

31. GUIDED READING Cooperative Federalism
5. The general term for federal money or resources granted to States or local governments is
grants-in-aid programs

32. Other Types of Aid
Federal organizations help many State institutions do their jobs.
The FBI assists State and local police.
The U.S. military trains and equips State National Guard Units.
The federal government also pays local governments the equivalent of property taxes on federal land.

33. Other Types of Aid
State governments assist the national government in many ways.
State and local governments pay for and organize the election process.

34. Other Types of Aid
State governments assist the national government in many ways.
State court regulate the naturalization process

35. Other Types of Aid
State governments assist the national government in many ways.
State and local police assists the FBI.

36. GUIDED READING Cooperative Federalism
6. An example of a way that States aid the National Government is
State and local election officials conduct national elections,
State courts supervise the naturalization process;
State and local police cooperate with the FBI.

37. GUIDED READING B. Reviewing Key Terms
7. federal money granted to a State for a specific purpose
categorical grant
8. federal money given to States or other local governments with fewer-than-usual strings attached
block grant
9. federal aid program in place from 1972–1987 in which Congress gave a share of federal tax revenue to the States
revenue sharing
10. federal money given to private agencies, States, or local governments that apply for it
project grant