1. Unit 7b - Evolution
The Tree of Life

2. Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming organisms.
Based on shared physical characteristics.
Invented by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century.
His real name was Carl von Linne…

3. Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial Nomenclature - each organism has a Latin two-word name consisting of its genus and species.
The genus is always capitalized.
If you type a name, it is in italics – Homo sapiens
If handwritten, it is underlined – Homo sapiens

4. “King Phillip Came Over For Great Sushi.”
Linnaeus’s 7 Groups
Kingdom – the most general group.
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species – the most specific group.
“King Phillip Came Over For Great Sushi.”

6. The 6 Kingdoms
Animals – includes microscopic animals, shellfish, and humans
Plants – mosses, ferns, and trees
Fungi – mushrooms, yeast, and mold
Protista – amoeba, euglena, and algae
Eubacteria – “true bacteria” with over 10,000 species; some are helpful, some are harmful.
Archaebacteria – “ancient bacteria” with only a few hundred species; most live in harsh environments like seawater, hyrdrothermal vents, and swamps.

7. How do you break up the kingdoms?
Number of Cells - Single celled or multi-celled.
Cell Type - Prokaryotes or eukaryotes. (Does it have a true nucleus or not?)
Nutrition - Autotroph or heterotroph (Does it make its own food through photosynthesis/ chemosynthesis or not?)

8. Using a Dichotomous Key
A dichotomous key is a series of paired “either/or” statements based on observable traits.
Dichotomous Key to Represented Birds
1 a. The beak is relatively long and slender
Certhidea
b. The beak is relatively stout and heavy
Go to 2
2 a. The bottom surface of the lower beak is flat and straight
Geospiza
b. The bottom surface of the lower beak is curved
Go to 3
3 a. The lower edge of the upper beak has a distinct bend
Camarhynchus
b. The lower edge of the upper beak is mostly flat
Platyspiza

9. Adaptive Radiation and Convergent Evolution
Adaptive Radiation – a common ancestor divides into multiple species over a long period of time. (Ex: Galapagos finches)
Similar  Different
Convergent Evolution – different species living in a similar environment evolve to have similar features. (Ex: whales and fish)
Different  Similar

10. Co-Evolution
Coevolution - When two species evolve together and need each other for survival.
Symbiosis – any relationship where two organisms of different species live closely and interact.
Niche - An ecological niche is the role and position a species has in its environment - how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces. A species' niche includes all of its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment.

11. Relationships in Ecosystems
There are 5 kinds of relationships and 3 kinds of symbiosis (#1-3):
Mutualism – two species, both benefit (+,+).
Commensalism – two species, one benefits and the other isn’t helped or harmed (+,0).
Parasitism - a species harms another/lives off of it without killing it (+,-).
Predation - one species eats another (+, -)
Competition - one species; individuals compete to survive (-,-). Speciation can occur.

12. Cladograms
Cladogram – a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Uses primitive and derived traits to make groups.