1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. How to Use This Presentation

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation TransparenciesStandardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Plant Evolution and Classification Chapter 28 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Plants Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Section 3 Vascular Plants

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Objectives Name three adaptations plants have made to life on land. Summarize the classification of plants. Describe alternation of generations.

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Adapting to Land Three adaptations have allowed plants to be successful on land: –a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss – haploid spores and diploid seeds to protect reproductive cells –special vascular tissues called xylem and phloem for absorbing and transporting materials within the plant.

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Requirements for Plants to Survive on Land Section 1 Overview of Plants

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Classifying Plants The 12 phyla of plants are divided into two groups based on the presence of vascular tissue. –The three phyla of nonvascular plants have neither true vascular tissue nor roots, stems, or leaves. –Most members of the nine phyla of vascular plants have vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves.

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Classifying Plants, continued Vascular plants can be further divided into two groups, seedless plants and seed plants. –Seed plants include four phyla of gymnosperms and one phylum of angiosperms.

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Evolutionary Relationship Between Plants and Green Algae Section 1 Overview of Plants

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Alternating Life Cycles All plants have a life cycle known as alternation of generations. In alternation of generations, a haploid gametophyte produces gametes. Gametes unite and give rise to a diploid sporophyte. Through meiosis, the sporophyte produces haploid spores, which develop into gametophytes.

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Alternation of Generations Section 1 Overview of Plants

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Section 1 Overview of Plants Life Cycles of Plants

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Alternation of Generations Section 1 Overview of Plants

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Objectives Identify the characteristics of bryophytes. Describe plant in the phylum Bryophyta. Describe plants in the phylum Hepatophyta. Describe plants in the phylum Anthocerophyta.

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Bryophytes The three phyla of nonvascular plants are collectively called bryophytes. These plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves. They are very small and are usually found in moist areas.

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants Section 2 Nonvascular Plants

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Bryophyta Bryophytes in the phylum Bryophyta are mosses. Mosses are attached to the soil by structures called rhizoids. Peat moss is a moss that has many uses.

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Hepatophyta Bryophytes in the phylum Hepatophyta are liverworts. Liverworts lie close to the ground, which allows them to absorb water readily.

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Anthocerophyta Bryophytes in the phylum Anthocerophyta are hornworts. Hornworts do not have a stem or leaves. Hornworts have long, thin, hornlike sporophytes that grow out of the top of the plant.

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Types of Nonvascular Plants Section 2 Nonvascular Plants

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Parts of a Moss Section 2 Nonvascular Plants

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Objectives Describe the adaptive advantages that plants have over nonvascular plants. Summarize the characteristics of the four phyla of seedless vascular plants. State the major differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms. Determine why angiosperms have been so successful. Compare monocots and dicots.

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular plants have several adaptive advantages over nonvascular plants, including specialized conducting tissues, the ability to grow large and live in many environments, and strong stems that allow them to grow tall and receive more sunlight. Seedless vascular plants include the four phyla Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pteridophyta.

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant Section 3 Vascular Plants

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds Section 3 Vascular Plants

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Phylum Psilophyta –The phylum Psilophyta is represented by whisk ferns. –Some are epiphytes that grow on other plants.

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Phylum Lycophyta –The phylum Lycophyta contains the club mosses. –Because they look like miniature pine trees, club mosses are also called ground pines.

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Phylum Sphenophyta –The phylum Sphenophyta includes horsetails of the genus Equisetum. –Horsetails have jointed photosynthetic stems that contain silica, with scalelike leaves at each joint.

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued Phylum Pteridophyta –Ferns belong to the phylum Pteridophyta and represent a diverse group. –Most ferns have an underground stem called a rhizome.

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Parts of a Fern Section 3 Vascular Plants

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Types of Seedless Vascular Plants Section 3 Vascular Plants

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants There are two main groups of seed-bearing vascular plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms. –Gymnosperms are characterized by naked seeds and no flowers. –Angiosperms have flowers and seeds enclosed by a fruit.

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds Section 3 Vascular Plants

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Characteristics of Gymnosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued Phylum Cycadophyta –Cycads are gymnosperms of the phylum Cycadophyta. –Although cycads flourished during the age of the dinosaurs, only about 100 species survive today.

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued Phylum Ginkgophyta –Like cycads, ginkgoes flourished during the time of the dinosaurs. –The only species existing today is Ginkgo biloba, which is native to China.

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued Phylum Coniferophyta –The conifers, which are gymnosperms of the phylum Coniferophyta, include pine, cedar, redwood, fir, spruce, juniper, cypress, and bald cypress trees. –They are important sources of wood, paper, turpentine, ornamental plants, and Christmas trees.

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued Phylum Gnetophyta –Gnetophytes, an odd group of cone-bearing gymnosperms, have vascular systems that more closely resemble those of angiosperms.

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Needles and Cones Section 3 Vascular Plants

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Types of Gymnosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued Phylum Anthophyta –Anthophyta, the largest phylum of plants, includes over 240,000 species of flowering plants. –Angiosperms, or the flowering plants, are seed plants characterized by the presence of a flower and fruit.

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 The Evolution of Angiosperms Angiosperms have been successful for many reasons, including the production of fruit that protects seeds, quick germination, and an efficient vascular system.

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Characteristics of Angiosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Types of Angiosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Familiar Families of Angiosperms Section 3 Vascular Plants

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Monocots and Dicots Dicots are distinguished from monocots on the basis of several characteristics: cotyledon number, leaf venation, arrangement of stem vascular tissue, and number of flower parts.

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots Section 3 Vascular Plants

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 28 Comparing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots Section 3 Vascular Plants

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following plants are bryophytes? A. ferns and cycads B. conifers and ginkgoes C. hornworts and liverworts D. horsetails and club mosses Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which of the following plants are bryophytes? A. ferns and cycads B. conifers and ginkgoes C. hornworts and liverworts D. horsetails and club mosses Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. In which way do mosses help start new biological communities? F. forming new soil G. producing spores H. detecting air pollution J. slowing decomposition Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. In which way do mosses help start new biological communities? F. forming new soil G. producing spores H. detecting air pollution J. slowing decomposition Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. True roots, stems, and leaves are characteristics of which types of plants? A. all plants B. all seed plants C. all angiosperms D. all vascular plants Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. True roots, stems, and leaves are characteristics of which types of plants? A. all plants B. all seed plants C. all angiosperms D. all vascular plants Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following is a vascular seed plant? F. ferns G. cycads H. horsetails J. club mosses Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following is a vascular seed plant? F. ferns G. cycads H. horsetails J. club mosses Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below snows a plant life cycle. Use the diagram to answer the question that follows. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which process occurs at X in this life cycle? A. mitosis B. meiosis C. alternation D. fertilization Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which process occurs at X in this life cycle? A. mitosis B. meiosis C. alternation D. fertilization Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. Which of the following phrases describes monocots? F. bear seeds in cones G. have parallel venation H. do not produce flowers J. have vascular bundles arranged in a circle Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. Which of the following phrases describes monocots? F. bear seeds in cones G. have parallel venation H. do not produce flowers J. have vascular bundles arranged in a circle Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 7. bryophyte : spore :: angiosperm : A. seed B. cone C. ovary D. cuticle Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 7. bryophyte : spore :: angiosperm : A. seed B. cone C. ovary D. cuticle Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued The phylogenetic diagram below shows a possible evolutionary relationship between plants and algae. Use the diagram to answer the question that follows. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 8. According to this diagram, which plants have evolved most recently? F. angiosperms G. gymnosperms H. nonvascular plants J. seedless vascular plants Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 8. According to this diagram, which plants have evolved most recently? F. angiosperms G. gymnosperms H. nonvascular plants J. seedless vascular plants Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response The plant kingdom is very diverse, from small nonvascular plants to large flowering vascular plants. Explain why some plants have been more successful on land than other plants have been. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued The plant kingdom is very diverse, from small nonvascular plants to large flowering vascular plants. Explain why some plants have been more successful on land than other plants have been. Answer: Successful land plants have developed vascular systems that transport water and nutrients, cuticles that reduce water loss, seeds which can survive where spores cannot, flowers that protect the developing embryo, and fruits which increase dispersion. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28 Extended Response Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below. All plants have a life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid phases. Part A Name the two phases of a plant life cycle and describe how they differ from each other. Part B Describe the life cycle of one nonvascular plant and one vascular plant, including the relative sizes of the different forms and other characteristics.

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 28 Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A The sporophyte phase is diploid and produces spores by meiosis. The gametophyte phase is haploid and produces gametes by mitosis. Part B A moss plant begins life as a zygote, which is attached to the gametophyte. The zygote divides by mitosis and produces haploid gametes, which when fertilized grow into a diploid sporophyte, which stays attached to the gametophyte. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis. The spores are released. Spores germinate, grow by mitosis, and form a gametophyte. A fern begins life as a zygote, which is attached to the gametophyte. It grows by mitosis to form a sporophyte. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, and the spores are released. Spores germinate, grow by mitosis and form a gametophyte.