1. Africa

2. Physical Features Nile River Niger River (North East Africa)
North West Africa
Nile River runs 4,160 miles
2 main sources are the white and blue nile rivers
River flows from north to south
Broken by 6 cataracts (rapids)
Flood cycle enriched the soil and made agriculture possible

3. Physical Geography Features
Deserts-
dry, arid land with little to no water or vegetation(plants growing)
Grasslands (called Savannas)
Semi-arid land outside of a desert region.
Seasonal rains
Low vegetation
Lots of animals
Tropical Rainforests
Heavy and consistent rainfall
Hot & humid climate
Abundance of vegetation & tall trees
Animals

4. Physical Features
2 Major Lakes
Victoria
Chad

5. African Civilizations
Egyptian

6. Egypt Agriculture began around 5450 (BCE) in the area.
People changed from hunter-gathers to farmers
Egyptians came to depend on the Nile River to grow crops and maintain livestock.
The Nile floods each summer, bring more water for irrigation and new fertile soil to the river valley.

7. Egypt Other Natural Resources:
Limestone
Granite
Egyptians use these stone resources to build their huge monuments and buildings
Temple at Karnak

8. Egypt
History

9. Egypt Historians split Egypt’s history into 3 main periods.
The Old Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom
The New Kingdom

10. The Old Kingdom
Namer (Menes) is the first Pharaoh of a united Egypt
First pyramids are built during this period, they are royal tombs
2 social classes form
Lower: peasants and farmers
Upper: Pharaoh, royal family, priests, scribes, and government officials
Egypt

11. Egypt The Great Sphinx We are still not sure who, when, or why
It could have possibly been the Pharaoh Khafra, around 2500 BCE

12. Egypt
Great Pyramids at Giza.

13. Eygpt
Old Kingdom
Pharaohs begin to lose power towards the end of the Old Kingdom, while Nobles begin to gain power.
Power struggles lead to decline and the First Intermediate Period (time in between the Kingdoms)

14. Egypt The Middle Kingdom Golden Age of Egypt 2080BCE to 1780 BCE
Was a time of general prosperity and stability for Egyptians
This period came to an end with the Rise of the Hyksos.
Nomads from Asia that gained power as the stability of the Middle Kingdom fell apart
They had horse-drawn carriages and compound bows

15. Egypt
New Kingdom
Strong Leaders from Upper Egypt drive out the Hyksos around 1570 BCE
A new line of Kings is established, based out of Thebes
Built the Egyptian Empire
Empire- a grouping of city-states under one Ruler

16. Egypt
Rulers and Traditions

17. Notable Pharaohs Hatsheput 1503 BCE to 1482 BCE First Female Pharaoh.
Ruled while her son was a child
Maintained Egyptian Empire borders
Often depicted as a man!

18. Notable Pharaohs Amenhotep IV Tries to bring Monotheism to Egypt
Prays to the sun as the one and only god, Aton
Changes his name to Akhenaton
Wife is Nefertiti, son is Tutankhamun (Tut)
This made him unpopular with the nobles and priests
After his death, some tried to erase any signs of his existence.

20. Notable Pharaohs Tutankhamun
The boy king. Came to the Throne when he was 9!
Was not a strong or very important Pharaoh.
The discovery of his intact tomb, with treasures, in 1922, is what made King Tut famous today.
Unfortunately Tut’s body was almost completely destroyed by Archeologists trying to get the amulets and jewels in his wrappings.

21. Ramses II Last strong Pharaoh of Egypt Called Ramses the Great
Could be the pharaoh during the exodus
1279 BCE to 1213 BCE (almost 70 years!!!)

22. Egypt Religion Polytheistic Believed all creatures had an afterlife.
Amon-Re (creator), Osiris (king of the underworld), Isis (fertility)… over 1000 gods!
Believed all creatures had an afterlife.
Believed that the body must be preserved to have an afterlife
Mummification.

23. Egypt Valley of the Kings
tombs were built for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt.

24. Egypt Valley of the Kings
It contains some 60 tombs, starting with Thutmose I and ending with Ramses X or XI.
Workers lived in a city called Deir el Medina just a few miles away.

25. Egypt Architecture: Pyramids Temples Irrigation networks
Sculptures and statues

26. Contributions and Achievements
Egypt
Contributions and Achievements

27. Egypt
Scribes
They were like clerks that recorded information. They were also among the only people that could read and write in the civilization

28. Egypt Writing Hieroglyphics They are pictures that represent sounds
Egyptians had invented papyrus, a type of paper, which they used to write on.
The cartouche: These are hieroglyphics that represent someone’s name.

29. We know what hieroglyphics say because of the discovery of the Rosetta Stone.
It contains the same story written in 3 different languages.
This allowed archeologists to decipher hieroglyphics using a know language to compare it to.

30. Egypt Other achievements- First Calendar with 12 months
Number system based on 10
Used herbs and medicines to help the sick
Middle class began to form
Trade and farming were important to merchants.

31. African Civilizations aka The Black Pharoahs
Kush (Nubia)

32. Nubia Located between the Red Sea and the Nile
Important trade routes passed through the area.
Nubia was located in the upper region of Egypt and at one time ruled by the Egyptian Pharaohs.

33. Nubia Nubia was the iron capital of the Ancient World
Traded: Gold, ivory, ebony and ostrich feathers.