1. Pharmaceutics I Introduction 1

2. Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutics is the science of dosage form design. There are many chemicals with known pharmacological properties but a raw chemical is of no use to a patient. Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of a pure drug substance into a dosage form. 2

3. Pharmaceutical dosage form – determines the physical form of the final pharmaceutical preparation. – is a drug delivery system which is formed by technological processing (drug formulation). – must reflect therapeutic intentions, route of administrations, dosing etc. – Pharmaceutical dosage form consists of :  Active Drug Substance  Excipients 3

4. Subjects to discuss Active pharmaceutical ingredient - API. Direct clinical use of the active drug substances „as they are“ is rare due to a number of good reasons The Need for Dosage Forms Excipients Pharmaceutical preparation (PP) 4

5. Classification of pharmaceutical dosage forms according to physical properties – Gaseous dosage forms – Liquid dosage forms – Semisolid dosage forms – Solid dosage forms 5

6. Classification of pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the route of administration – for systemic administration Peroral (p.o) Sublingual (S.L) and buccal. Rectal Parenteral Transdermal Inhalation 6

7. – for local administration Topical (on the skin or mucosa) Into/onto - the eye, nose, ear - the oral cavity - the vagina, rectum - the skin Oral (local effect within GIT; antacids, adsorbents) 7

8. Route of Drug Administration

9. The possible routes of drug entry into the body may be divided into two classes: The possible routes of drug entry into the body may be divided into two classes: – Enteral – Parenteral Routs of Drug administration

10. Parenteral Route of Drug Administration Parenteral Routes: Intravenous bolus (IV) Intravenous infusion (IV inf) Intramuscular injection (IM) Subcutaneous injection (SC) Inhalation Inhalation

11. Enteral Routes Enteral - drug placed directly in the GI tract: – sublingual (SL)- placed under the tongue – oral - swallowing (p.o.) – rectum (PR) - Absorption through the rectum

12. Inhalation and intranasal Rapid absorption. Total dose absorbed is variable. May be used for local or systemic effects. May stimulate cough reflex. Some drug may be swallowed.