1. Elements and Their Properties
Chapter 19

2. Section 1: Physical Properties of Metals
Conduct heat and electricity
Luster - reflect light well
Malleable - can be hammered or rolled into sheets
Ductile - can be drawn into wires
High density
High melting point

3. Chemical Properties of Metals
NOTE: Metals usually have 1 to 3 electrons in their outer levels
Metals easily lose electrons to the nonmetals by ionic bonding and become more chemically stable.
Corrode easily (Example: silver tarnishing and iron rusting)

4. Physical Properties of Alkali Metals
Soft
Low melting and boiling points
Low density
Found in Group 1

5. Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals
Highly reactive with oxygen and water; don’t occur naturally in elemental form
Combine readily with other elements due to 1 electron in outer energy level

6. Discussion Why do metals conduct electricity?
List 3 common properties of metals.
Where are Metals found on the Periodic Table?
Metals can form ionic bonds with ________.
Alkali Metals can be found in what Group on the Periodic Table?
How many electrons are in the outer shell of an Alkali Metal?

7. Alkaline Earth Metals Reactive, but less than Alkali metals
Conduct electricity
White and malleable
2 electrons in outer energy level
Group 2

8. Transition Elements
Can be found in Groups 3 through 12 on the Periodic Table
Can have up to 32 electrons in their 2nd to last outer shell

9. Transition Elements
They typically form colored compounds-(Ex: chromium found in rubies and emeralds)
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Iron triad - iron, cobalt, and nickel
Iron - most widely used of all metals and main ingredient in steel; abundant in the Earth’s crust
Cobalt and Nickel - used in some steels
Nickel - used to coat other metals

10. Transition Elements
5. Copper, Silver, Gold - Coinage metals since once were commonly used in coins
Copper - used in electric wiring because it is a superior electricity conductor
Silver- used in photographic film and paper; jewelry
Gold - used in jewelry
6. Zinc, cadmium, mercury - group 12 on the periodic table
Zinc and cadmium - often used to plate or coat other metals
Mercury - only room temperature liquid metal; used in thermometer and batteries

11. Study Questions: Section 1 (answer in your notes)
Alkaline Earth Metals can be found in what Group on the Periodic Table?
How many electrons do Alkaline Earth Metals have in their outer shell?
The Transition metals are in what Groups on the Periodic Table?
The elements that make up the iron triad are________?

12. The Inner Transition
The Lanthanides - include lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, amarium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium
The Actinides - all are radioactive and unstable, uranium is the best known

13. Section 2: Properties of Nonmetals
Usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature
Not malleable or ductile
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Not lustrous
Ionic Compounds - form when nonmetals gain electrons from metals and become a negative ion
Covalent Compounds - form when nonmetals share electrons with other non metals

14. Hydrogen Most common element in the universe
Has a single electron…putting it in Group 1 in the periodic table
A diatomic molecule - two atoms of the same element in a covalent bond
Highly reactive element
Found mostly on Earth in the compound water

15. The Halogens aka…”Salt Formers”
Halogens are non metals
A “salt forms” when a halogen gains one electron from a metal
Have 7 electrons Group 17 in outer energy level and only needs 1 electron to complete this energy level
Sublimation – the process of a solid changing into a gas without first becoming a liquid

16. The Halogens Halogens have many uses:
Chlorine (most abundant halogen) - disinfectant and bleach
Bromine - dyes in cosmetics
Iodine - hormone regulation for thyroid
Flouride-toothpaste
Most halogen compounds are reformed from seawater

17. The Noble Gases Have 8 electrons in outer energy shell (full) Group 18
Not reactive with other elements
Exist as isolated, stable gases
Helium - used in blimps and balloons
Neon, argon, krypton - used in lights

18. Discussion Questions
Explain how solid metals are different from solid nonmetals.
How can you tell that a gas is a halogen?
What is the process of a solid changing directly into a vapor? Which element undergoes this process at room temp?

19. Answers 1. Explain how solid metals are different from solid nonmetals
Solid nonmetals typically are nor ductile or malleable and do not conduct electricity.
2. How can you tell that a gas is a halogen?
By their colors
3. What is the process of a solid changing directly into a vapor? Which element undergoes this process at room temp?
Sublimation, iodine

20. Section 3: Mixed Groups Properties of Metalloids
Have some metal and some nonmetal characteristics
Form ionic and covalent bonds
Have metallic and nonmetallic properties
Partial conduction gives them semiconductors
Located in Groups 13, 14, 15 ,16 & 17 (with the exception of aluminum)

21. Discussion Gaining & Losing
While reacting:
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons and obtain a negative charge
Metals tend to lose electrons and obtain a positive charge

22. The Boron Group Group 13
Boron - used in water softening products, detergents, antiseptics, and fuels
Aluminum - abundant in the Earth’s crust; used in cans, foil wrap, pans, building materials, and aircraft

23. The Carbon Group Group 14 4 electrons in outer energy level Examples
Carbon - found in oil, coal, natural gas, and foods
Germanium - also used in semiconductors
Tin - used to coat other metals
Lead - toxic, so no longer used in pain
Diamonds, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene are all allotropes of carbon

24. Carbon Group cont…
Silicon - an allotrope - same element with different molecular structures
Silicon is found in sand. rocks, and soil
The main component in semiconductors, which conduct electricity under certain conditions
(EX: computer chips)

25. The Nitrogen Group Group 15
5 electrons in outer energy level
Tend to form covalent bonds
Nitrogen - used to make nitrates and ammonia
Can be combined into compounds, such as amino acids
Phosphorus - used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine china
Antimony and bismuth used with other metals to lower their melting points

26. Questions
What are allotropes?
List one form of an allotrope.

27. The Oxygen Group Group 16
Oxygen - makes up 21% of air and is used by living things in respiration
Nonmetal that exists as diatomic molecules (O2)
Sulfur - used to form sulfides for pigment in paint
Selenium - used in photocopies and multivitamins
Tellurium and polonium are oxygen group elements

28. Synthetic Elements
Synthetic elements- not usually found on Earth. Created by smashing existing elements with particles in an ion accelerator.
Synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly.
Uranium can be made into neptunium which forms plutonium when it disintegrates
Plutonium can be changed into americium, which is used in smoke detectors

29. Synthetic Elements cont…
Transuranium elements have more than 92 protons and are synthetic and unstable
The study of synthesized elements helps scientists to understand the forces holding the nucleus together
Element 114 lasted for 30 seconds
It combined 114 protons with 175 neutrons
It broke apart due to enormous repulsion between protons