1. Question of the Day Feb 18 Normal human zygote cells contain
A. 23 chromosomes
B. 92 chromosomes
C. 46 chromosomes
D. 44 chromosomes

2. AGENDA Feb 18
Objective: Describe the value of karyotyping in identifying possible genetic disorders.
1. Question of the Day
2. Introduction to Chapter 14
3. Karyotyping
4. Review and Homework

3. Wilmut’s Technique Nucleus of an egg cell removed
Fused with a cell from another adult
Requires electric shock
Fused cell begins to divide
Developing embryo placed in the reproductive system of a foster mother
Embryo develops normally

4. Dolly the Sheep

5. Chapter 14:
The Human
Genome

6. 14-1 Human Heredity
How many chromosomes does an adult human cell contain?
Autosomes – any chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.
Sex Chromosomes – X and Y chromosomes that determine sex of individual.
Normal Individuals represented as
Males  46, XY
Females  46, XX
22 pairs of homologous chromosomes

7. Human Cell 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes called autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
23rd pair
egg, sperm
half the number of chromosomes
egg carries an x, sperm carries a y or x

8. ID-ing Chromosomes Chromosomes are identified by 1. SIZE
2. CENTROMERE LOCATION
3. BANDING PATTERNS

9. Karyotype a picture of chromosomes
homologous chromosomes paired together.
What are they?
Numbered 1-22 in order of size
What is the 23rd pair?
What does the size of the chromosome indicate?

11. Question of the DAY Feb 20
Which statement is not true regarding homologous chromosomes?
A. Specific genes are found at the same locus
B. They have the same size
C. Genes will express identical traits
D. They are joined at the same centromere locations

12. AGENDA Feb 20
Objective: Examine the inheritance of genetic disorders through the analysis of pedigrees.
1. Question of the Day
Notes - Pedigrees
3. Pedigree Practice Problems
4. Review and Homework

13. Alleles Figure 14-6
Dominant – Some genetic disorders are expressed through these alleles
Only requires one allele
Recessive – Most genetic disorders are transmitted through these alleles
Codominant – Sickle Cell Disease

15. AGENDA Feb 23
Objective: Examine the inheritance of genetic disorders through the analysis of pedigrees.
1. Question of the Day
Notes - Pedigrees
3. Pedigree Practice Problems
4. Review and Homework
Pedigree Problems
Genetic Disorders Webquest DUE THURSDAY
TEST ON FRIDAY

16. Genes and the Environment
All of our inherited characteristics are governed by our genes.
Many traits are polygenic.
Other factors influence our phenotypes.
Nutrition and Exercise
Average height has increased 10 cm in the last 200 years  3.93 inches
U.S. and Europe

17. Pedigree Analysis
rely on family histories and medical records to study humans
pedigree: diagram that follows the inheritance of a single trait through several generations

18. Pedigrees record and trace the occurrences of traits within a family.

19. British Royal Family

20. The Story of Anastasia

22. AGENDA Feb 24
Objective: Identify an individual’s blood type through the solving of Punnett Squares.
1. DO NOW – Review Pedigrees
2. Blood Types and Allele Combinations
3. Problem Solving
4. Review and Homework
Problem Solving Packet
Genetic Disorders Webquest DUE THURSDAY
TEST ON FRIDAY

23. Blood Group Genes How many different alleles control blood type?
How is blood type expressed?
How many different blood types are there?

24. Blood Group Genes Rh blood groups Positive (+) Negative (-)
Rh+/Rh+ or Rh+/Rh Rh-/Rh-
Blood Type AB-
A allele and B allele + 2 Rh- alleles

25. Blood Type Problems
Solve Punnett Squares to determine the probability of blood types among individuals.
See Blood Types Packet

27. DO NOW
Explain why males cannot be carriers for sex-linked disorders.

28. DO NOW ANSWERED
Sex-linked inheritance is directly connected to the X-chromosome. Males only have one X-chromosome and will always express this type of trait/disorder.
Females have two X-chromosomes. Women only carrying one allele for the trait/disorder are carriers. Recessive traits/disorders will not be expressed unless both X-chromosomes carry the allele.

30. DO NOW Feb 25
A mother (type AB blood) and a father (type A blood) have two children. What are the possible genotypes of the children. Show all possible combinations. Solve Punnett Squares to support your answer.

31. AGENDA Feb 25
Objective: Solve Punnett Squares to represent the inheritance patterns of sex-linked disorders.
1. DO NOW
2. Blood Type Problems Review
3. Sex-linked Inheritance
4. Review and Homework

32. 14-2: Sex-linked Inheritance
sex determination
XX female
XY male
sex-linked genes: genes located on the sex chromosomes
almost always on the X chromosome
Y chromosome contains a few genes for male development

33. Sex-linked Inheritance
males inherit these disorder much more often
gets passed from father to daughters, then daughters to their sons
examples are hemophilia, colorblindness, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

35. Human Genetic Disorders
autosomal genetic disorders
albinism
recessive allele on chromosome 11
can’t produce melanin
cystic fibrosis
recessive allele on chromosome 7
heavy mucus clogs lungs and breathing passageways

36. DO NOW Feb 19 Perform the following dihybrid cross.
A homozygous long mane lion that is heterozygous for a loud roar mates with a lioness with a heterozygous long mane and a soft roar.
What are the chances that one of the cubs will have a homozygous long mane and a soft roar?
List all of the possible genotype and phenotype ratios.

37. AGENDA Feb 19 Big Question: What is Sex-linked Inheritance? 1. DO NOW
2. Review selected HW problems
3. Chapter 13 Tests
4. More Genetic Disorders
5. The Human Genome Project
6. Review and Homework
Read Section 14-2 Details of Genetics Disorders

38. recessive allele on chromosome 15
tay sachs
recessive allele on chromosome 15
suffer from breakdown of the nervous system
sickle cell disease
recessive allele on chromosome 11
produces an alternate form of hemoglobin that causes the red blood cells to become a sickle shape
one DNA base changed
Glutamic acid for Valine

39. Sickle Cell Disease Allele very prominent in African Americans
Carried by many individuals
Connected to malaria – a parasitic disease that affects red blood cells
Individuals who are heterozygous for sickle cell are resistant to malaria
When body destroys sickled cells, parasite causing malaria also destroyed.
Low oxygen = sickle shape = cells clump together

40. PKU: phenylketonuria
recessive allele on chromosome 12
causes mental retardation
Huntington’s disease
dominant allele on chromosome 4
lose muscle control and nervous system breaks down

41. AGENDA Big Question: What is Sex-linked Inheritance? 1. DO NOW
2. Sex-linked Inheritance Section 7-2
3. Pedigree Practice
4. Closing Thoughts
HAND IN YOUR KARYOTYPE LABS

42. Chromosome Number Disorders
occurs by nondisjunction: when abnormal number of chromosomes are produced in the sex cells due to them not separating correctly

43. Turner’s Syndrome
either a sperm or an egg is produced without a sex chromosome
XO genotype
O means sex chromosome is missing
sex organs are not fully developed
can not have children
only in females

44. Klinefelter Syndrome have an extra X chromosome
XXY genotype
causes mental retardation
can not reproduce
only in males

45. Down Syndrome
trisomy 21
means 3 copies of chromosome #21
causes heart and circulatory problems, mental retardation, and a weakened immune system

46. Other Causes of Disorders
deletions: can occur from pieces of chromosomes breaking off and getting lost in meiosis
translocation: when pieces of chromosomes break off and become reattached to another

47. Prenatal Diagnosis want to detect if unborn child will have a disorder
two ways
amniocentesis: withdraw fluid from sac around fetus
chorionic villus sampling: tissue surrounding fetus is removed and examined

48. Special Topics in Human Genetics
barr body: dense region in the nucleus of most cells in human females
condensed turned-off X chromosome
not found in males because their one X chromosome is active
happens in some tissues and in some cells

49. AGENDA Feb 21 Big Question: What is the Human Genome Project?
1. CHAPTER 14 Problem Solving Test
2. Complete Chapter 14-3 Notes
3. Begin to Study for T2 Exam

50. 14-3 Testing for Alleles
DNA probes – specific DNA base sequences that detect the complementary base sequences found in disease causing alleles
Cystic Fibrosis and Tay Sachs are examples that use DNA probes.

51. DNA Fingerprinting
Repeats are specific sequences of DNA unique to every individual
Do not code for proteins
Repeats cut with restriction enzymes
Gel electrophoresis separates fragments
Labeled with radioactive probes
Forensics, detection of inherited diseases, and paternity cases

54. DO NOW Feb 27
Explain how autosomal recessive disorders are passed down from parent to offspring.

55. DO NOW ANSWERED
Autosomal recessive disorders require both parents to have at least one allele for the disorder. Each parent must then pass this recessive allele on to their child.
The genotype for a child with a recessive disorder of this type is aa, ee, tt, etc.
Both alleles are recessive (lower-case)

56. AGENDA Feb 27
Objective: Use genetics tools to determine the inheritance patterns of autosomal and sex-linked disorders.
1. DO NOW
2. Review for Chapter 14 TESTProblem Solving
3. Problem Solving Review Packet
TEST ON Monday March 2

57. Human Genome Project
Sequencing of all of the genes within an organism.
Human genome sequencing completed in 2003.
Included sequencing of other organisms including E. coli, multiple strains of yeast, the fruit fly, the mosquito, the honey bee, the cow, the dog, the horse, and the rat.

58. Gene Therapy
Replacement of an absent or faulty gene with a normal working gene.