1. Get out a piece of paper for notes and your map of Europe

2. Europe and Russia
Human Geography

3. Sub-regions of Europe

4. Physical features cause cultural barriers…

5. Learning Objectives
Learn about supranationalism in Europe
Understand the nationalism that has thrown the region into armed conflict many times
What is nationalism?

7. Learning Objectives
Understand the formation of the European Union, and the evolution of a common currency, the euro
Become familiar with the locational, physical, demographic, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of Europe

8. Capitalism/Market Economy Parliamentary Democracy Supranationalism
Learning Objectives
Let’s REVIEW these concepts and models:
Cold War
Satellite nations
Command Economy
Capitalism/Market Economy
Parliamentary Democracy
Supranationalism
Demographic Transition
Core-Periphery
Diffusion
Globalization
Secularization
HEI
Urban/rural
Urbanization
More/less developed

9. Introduction Different climates, landforms, agricultural output
Europe is diverse
Different climates, landforms, agricultural output
37 different countries
Many different languages and cultures
Long history of warfare, mostly along national lines
Europe is globalizing, was a major colonial power
European Union, a supranational organization
Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia broke up; Germany is reunited
Beginning of the Industrial Revolution
Center of 19th century imperialism
What is imperialism?

10. The European Realm (culture region)
Results of: classical civilizations, Christianity, the Renaissance & Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions.
Industrial Revolution started here:
This greatly altered many kinds of relationships in the world. The various countries within the realm have a history of interaction among themselves.
Has been highly influenced by “Western Culture”

11. Themes of Geography: Factors to Europe’s Success
Place: climate conducive to production
Location: access to major waterways, centrally located (hearth)
Human Environment Interaction: abundance of coal and iron ore (makes steel!) >>>
Movement: maritime dominance, imperialism (What is imperialism?)

13.  This imperialism cartoon appeared in August 15, 1900 issue of the American literary magazine Puck. In the cartoon, animals representing different countries are battling over China (seen as a dragon). During the Age of Imperialism, Asia was a popular target for extending an empire and dividing among these foreign powers. The bear represents Russia, the lion is Britain, the rooster is France, the eagle is Germany, the two-headed eagle is Austria, Japan is the tiger and the bald eagle is the United States. The artist gives the animals a vicious look as they hold weapons, display sharp teeth, or outstretch their claws. The artist’s depiction creates the feeling that imperialism in Asia was an uncivilized and ferocious because of the animals’ harsh appearance and by comparing the countries to beasts. 
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

14. TIMELINE ALERT! NEXT SLIDE!!

15. Supranationalism European Union Began as European Economic Community
Mission: common foreign policies and mutual security agreements, greater economic integration and common currency
Began as European Economic Community
(EEC), Stronger in 1994
10 new members
joined, 2004
Turkey and Romania want to join but have faced resistance.
Conflict in Ukraine? Russia vs. EU

16. TIMELINE ALERT! NEXT SLIDE!!

17. supranationalism Euroland: The European Monetary Union
January 1, 1999: Eleven of the 15 EU member nations joined the European Monetary Union and adopted the euro
The euro was a common currency for business and trade transactions
On January 1, 2002, citizens in the “Euroland” countries began using the euro in their everyday lives

18. TIME OUT! Turn to a partner and answer these questions together…
Explain what the European Realm is and what has influenced it?
Analyze what has contributed to Europe’s historical success.
What are the purposes of the European Union?

19. I need 10 people to stand up and come to the front
Population Density
Let’s act this out!!!
I need 10 people to stand up and come to the front

20. Settlement and Population
Population Density in the Core and Periphery
- 523 million people in Europe (more than half a billion)
- Highest densities (lots of people in smaller area) located in historic industrial core (England, Netherlands, N. France, N. Italy, Western Germany)

21. Settlement and Population
The Landscapes of Urban Europe
Europe is highly urbanized
Over 50% of the population in most countries live in urban areas (cities); 90% of the people in the UK and Belgium live in urban areas.

22. Rank Urban Area State Population Density (per km²)
Annual growth rate (%) 1
Paris
 France
10,975,000
3,800
0.83 2
London
 United Kingdom
10,149,000
5,900
0.07 3
Ruhr area
 Germany
6,722,000
2,800
0.01 4
Madrid
 Spain
6,183,000
4,600
0.27 5
Milan
 Italy
5,264,000
−0.16 6
Barcelona
4,656,000
4,300
0.12 7
Berlin
4,006,000
2,900 8
Rome
3,798,000
3,400
0.89 9
Naples
3,726,000
3,600 10
Athens
 Greece
3,515,000
5,000
0.29
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

23. Compared to U.S. Clickthe link below to see size comparison!
ps/l/bl-country-size-comparison-map.htm
Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

24. What do you remember?
Who can explain what the Demographic Transition Model is?
What are the stages?

25. Demographic Transition Model
Stage one
Birth/death rate high
Fragile population
Stage two
Death rates decline
Birth rates still high
Natural increase high
Stage three
Death and birth rates decline
Decreasing growth
Stage Four
Birth/death rates are almost =
Zero Population Growth
Most Northern and Western European countries

26. Settlement and Population
Natural Growth: The Demographic Transition Model
Europe continues to experience slow natural growth (birth rates lower than or almost equal to death rates What stage is this? New Stage?
Immigration prevents population decline…
Where have we seen this?
Causes?
Effects?

27. Europe’s Population Implosion
Shrinking population rather than a growing population – below Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
Reaction to urbanization and the expense of raising children in urban/industrial societies – so fertility rates in some countries have dropped below 2.1
Industrialization and urbanization usually move a country to the fourth stage of the demographic transition

28. Turn to your neighbors and analyze these population pyramids.

29. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

30. TIME OUT! Let’s answer these questions together…
Where do most people live in Europe?
What does high-density population mean?
What 2 countries have highest urban populations?
What stage of the DTM is most of Europe in? Why?
What are causes and effects of this?

31. TIMELINE ALERT! NEXT SLIDE!!

32. Rapid Migration into Europe
Immigration has increased because of job opportunities
Europeans take mostly higher level, skilled jobs…leave lower level, physical labor jobs.
Where have we seen this?
Workers needed to keep up tax revenues, support retirees (what will happen to work force?)
EU working to establish common immigration policy throughout region
Guest workers – migrant workers from other countries
Germany has large immigrant population and other European countries have migrants from their former colonies
Additional migration from Eastern to Western Europe in the 1990’s (after what?)

33. EU facilitates movement of workers to developed Areas – problem in economic downturn

34. Let’s read about a specific case study on immigration in Germany!

35. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

36. Rapid Migration Migration to and Within Europe Causes? Effects?
Growing resistance to unlimited migration
Scarce jobs should go to Europeans first
Concerns about international terrorism
Frustration with immigrants not integrating
Concern about dilution (?) of national culture

37. Let’s clear something up
Great Britain is an island that includes
England
Scotland
Wales
United Kingdom is the name of a country
Includes:
All on the island of Great Britain
Northern Ireland.
United
Kingdom
Island of

38. Key European Cultural Traits
Political system – parliamentary democratic republic ideal
Economic system – capitalism or market economy
Government services
Education
Public medical & health care (almost all European)
Retirement
Europe's Generous pension systems France recently raised the retirement age from 60 to 62 and the pension age, which determines when people can begin accessing their pension funds, from 65 to 67. The French government says it can no longer afford the earlier retirement and pension ages. France is not the only country facing a budget crunch partially because of its generous pension system, coupled with an aging population and a struggling economy. Across Europe, home to many of the world's most generous national pension systems, countries are struggling to afford this staple of the welfare state. 

39. Language!
Language!

40. Indo-European Language Family (50% of World)
Indo-European Languages
Germanic Languages (200 million speakers)
German, English, Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Icelandic
In British Isles, Scandinavia, and Central Europe (north)
Romance Languages (200 million speakers)
Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese (mostly in Brazil), Romanian
Spoken throughout Southern Europe (Mediterranean)
Slavic Languages (80 million speakers)
Largest family of European languages (including Russian)
Polish, Czech, Slovakian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Slovenian

41. Indo-European Language Family - Romance Branch
Separated by physical boundaries!
…or Slavic people

42. Language
Map of
Europe
(Fig. 8.17)

43. Let’s read about a specific case study regarding ethnic conflict and language in Eastern Europe.

44. Religions of
Europe
(Fig. 8.19)

45. Religion, Past and Present
The Schism Between Western and Eastern Christianity
Division in 1054 A.D. of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches
Greek missionaries refused to accept Roman Catholic hierarchy and rule by Roman bishops
Roman Catholics - Latin alphabet
Eastern Orthodox - Cyrillic

46. Paintings and statues allowed, worship Mary, mother of Jesus
Religion
Roman
Catholic
Protestant
Eastern Orthodox
Origin/
Dominance
Language
Organization/
Leadership
Rules for leaders
Worship
Rome, Italy
Latin
Hierarchy (Pope)
Can’t marry, celibate
Paintings and statues allowed, worship Mary, mother of Jesus
Germany, Britain
Vernacular
(not specific)
Congregation, power divided
Can marry, have family
No icons, paintings or statues
Byzantine Empire (Turkey)
Greek
Hierarchy
(No Pope)
Paintings but no statues,
Theotokos (Greek for Mary)

47. The Patterns of Contemporary Religion
Europe is becoming a secularized society
Secularization: movement away from traditional organized religions
Roman Catholicism (250 million Roman Catholics)
Italy, Spain, Ireland, France, Austria, southern Germany, Poland, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary
Protestantism (fewer than 100 million Protestants)
Northern Germany, Scandinavia, England
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Yugoslavia, Romania, and Bulgaria

48. Religion, Past and Present
Conflicts with Islam
Eastern Europe: Ottoman Turks brought Islam to Balkans (Eastern Europe)
Western Europe: Moors (Moroccans) brought Islam to Spain from Northern Africa, ruled for about 700 years
Currently fastest growing religion in Europe

49. TIME OUT! Think-pair-share with a neighbor:
Explain the geography of religion in Europe… who is where?
Identify the three major Christian groups Europe.
Explain the differences between the three major Christian groups in Europe.

50. Eastern Europe is Culturally Diverse!
Multiple Languages & Religions
Religion: Major ones are Eastern Orthodox Christians, Catholicism, Islam, and Judaism
Result: Many different ethnic groups of people all living in the same place = conflict
Less URBAN than rest of Europe

51. Eastern Europe’s economy
Economic Transition in Eastern Europe
Historically, Eastern Europe has been less well developed than Western Europe
Has been under control of outsiders (Ottoman Turks, Germans, Soviet Russians)
The Soviet Plan
Soviet Russians (communists) redeveloped Eastern Europe after WWII as a command economy (centrally planned and controlled economy, generally associated with socialist or communist countries, in which all goods, services, agricultural and industrial products are strictly regulated)

52. Conflicts over National Identities
In Eastern Europe, there have been frequent conflicts over ethnic identities
Why? Centuries of foreign rule = ethnic groups want to fiercely protect their ethnic heritage
Wanted to become “nation-states”
Examples:
Balkan Countries vs. the Ottomans
Fought over who should rule territory
Led to “Balkanization”: process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units
Political unit of people
Who share a common
Culture or history

53. Soviet Union’s Control of Eastern Europe
After WWII: Soviet Union dominates Eastern Europe
Became “Satellite Nations” (mini-Soviet Unions)
CHARACTERISTICS:
Military treaties
Military bases placed in most countries
Communist govs took power;
Controlled almost all aspects of people’s
lives
“Hammer & Sickle”
Nations dominated by
another country

54. Western and Eastern Divisions
Result of Soviet domination:
Lack of growth and prospering
Eastern Europe cut off from technological advancements
Created a boundary between West and East…west more developed, East less developed.
Take a minute to annotate your map to show that western/northern Europe are more advanced than Eastern.

55. Dividing West from East
Let’s review… this division became known as the ________________ _____________.

56. Fall of Communism Fall of Communism led to Independence & Instability
Newly found independence = ethnic loyalties very important
Led to civil wars, which created instability in the region
Ex:
Serbian Civil War AKA Yugoslav Wars (didn’t want to split into separate countries)
Czechoslovakia = Czech Republic & Slovakia

57. Explain this cartoon!

58. TIME OUT!
How much do you know??? Think-pair-share with a neighbor WITHOUT using your notes:
What has caused conflicts over national identities in Eastern Europe?
How did the fall of the Soviet Union affect Eastern Europe. Give both positive and negative effects.

59. Eastern Europe
Transition and Changes Since 1991
After U.S.S.R. disintegrated, Eastern European countries went through major change
Many E Europe countries introduced privatization – the transfer to private ownership of those firms and industries previously owned and run by state governments
***Loss of cheap raw materials and fuel from U.S.S.R. resulted in a drop in industrial output; unemployment and inflation rose
Opposite of communism!

60. EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TODAY Europe’s challenges vary
EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TODAY Europe’s challenges vary. CREATE A T-CHART IN YOUR NOTES FOR THE FOLLOWING:
Western Europe
is one of the wealthiest areas on earth
Progressive approach to environment
Ideas of nationalism are giving way to supranationalism and one currency/economic unit.
Europe must deal with immigrants and resulting political tension, and address political problems in other regions
Eastern Europe
faces very different challenges
Political strife and instabilty
Economic stagnation
Environmental degradation (pollution)
Eastern Europe wishes to join the west