1. Industrial Revolution
WHII.9

2. The Industrial Revolution began in England and spread to the rest of Western Europe and the United States.
WHY???

4. The Industrial Revolution
Spurred by revolution in technology
Originated in England because of…
Natural resources!
Mainly Coal and Iron Ore
Water power and coal to fuel new machines
Iron Ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings
Rivers for inland transportation
Harbors from which merchant ships set sail
What are natural resources?

6. The Industrial Revolution
Originated in England because….
2. The invention and improvement of the steam engine occurred in England
Who was this invented by?
3. Supportive economy and workforce
4. Willingness to invest
5. Political stability
6. Had ALL factors of production that were needed
Land, Labor and Wealth!
From England, it spread to the rest of Europe and then United States

7. The British Enclosure Movement
1700—small farms covered England
Wealthy landowners bought out small village farmers
Improved farming methods (agricultural revolution)
After buying all of the land it was enclosed
Enabled to cultivate larger fields (enclosures)
Landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods
Higher crop yields!

8. The British Enclosure Movement
Results:
New agricultural methods
Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers OR give it up and move to cities
What did this lead to? (Especially for cities?)

9. The Cotton/Textile Industry

10. The Cotton/Textile Industry
Britain’s textile industry clothed the WORLD in wool, linen, and cotton.
First industry to industrialize
Late 1700 to early 1800
Several major machines modernized the cotton industry
Among them were the spinning jenny, flying shuttle, and cotton gin

11. The Cotton/Textile Industry
Flying Shuttle
Invented by John Kay
Doubled the work a weaver could do in one day
First operated by hand
WEAVES the yarn into CLOTH

12. The Cotton/Textile Industry
Spinning Jenny
Invented by James Hargreaves
Cash prize attracted people to work to invent a spinner that could keep up with the fast pace of the weaver (flying shuttle)
Named the spinning wheel after his daughter
Allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time
First operated by hand

13. Invented by James Hargreaves
Spinning Jenny
Invented by James Hargreaves

14. The Cotton/Textile Industry
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney
England’s cotton came from plantations in the American south
Industrialization of the textile industry in England increased the demand for cotton dramatically
1790s: removing seeds from raw cotton was VERY hard work and VERY prickly!!
1793: cotton gin was invented to speed up the process

15. Invented by Eli Whitney American cotton production skyrocketed…..
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney
American cotton production skyrocketed…..
1.5 million pounds in 1790 to
85 million pounds in 1810!!!

17. Technological advances that produced the Industrial Revolution

18. Steam Engine Invented by James Watt 1765 Scottish
Prior to his faster and more efficient improvement it used too much fuel
Watt’s steam engine would work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel.
Built a better engine to be used in factories and transportation
Steam engine makes factories have power!

19. Steam Engine
Invented by James Watt

20. The Bessemer Process Invented by Henry Bessemer
Created a process for making steel
First inexpensive process for creating steel out of iron
Burned excess carbon and impurities out of molten iron

21. Invented by Henry Bessemer
The
Bessemer Process
Invented by Henry Bessemer

22. The
Bessemer Process
Henry Bessemer

23. Advancements in Science and Medicine

24. Smallpox Vaccine Developed by Edward Jenner 1st successful vaccine
Why did this have a large impact on life?

25. Bacteria Discovered by Louis Pasteur French chemist
Developed germ theory of disease
Mid-1800s
Bacteria causes disease!
While examining fermentation process of alcohol
Developed pasteurization process
Kill germs in liquids such as milk

26. Match the inventions and people below.
Warm-Up
Match the inventions and people below.
1. Cotton Gin
a. Henry Bessemer
2. Spinning Jenny
b. Louis Pasteur
3. Flying Shuttle
c. John Hargreaves
4. Bessemer Process
D. James Watt
5. Smallpox Vaccine
E. Edward Jenner
6. Bacteria
F. John Kay
7. Steam Engine
G. Eli Whitney

27. Impacts of the industrial revolution on industrialized countries

28. Impact… Population increase
Increased standards of living for many BUT not all
Improved transportation
Urbanization (what?)
Environmental pollution
Increased education
Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions
Growth of middle class

29. Improved Transportation
American Robert Fulton
Invented the Steamboat
Led to transportation of goods and people up and down rivers
George Stephenson
Invented, improved, and built the Steam Locomotive
“The Rocket”
Led to widespread development of railroads for transportation of people and goods
Roads were also improved
Drainage systems were invented to eliminate the problem of mud

30. Improved Transportation

31. Environmental Pollution
How did environmental pollution increase due to the industrial revolution?

32. Working conditions
Average worker spent 14 hours a day on the job, 6 days a week
Factory owners wanted to increase production and keep machines going as much as possible
Factories were not clean and poorly lit
Workers were injured by machines
No government program/protection to aid workers (worker comp.)
Most dangerous conditions were in the coal mines

35. Growth of Middle Class
New middle class transformed social structure of Great Britain and other industrialized nations

36. With the Industrial Revolution came an increased demand for raw materials from the Americas, Asia, and Africa.

37. Advancements in technology produced the Industrial Revolution, while advancements in science and medicine altered the lives of people living in the new industrial cities. Cultural changes soon followed.
WHY???

38. Nature of Work and the Labor Force
WHII.9c

39. The effects of the Industrial Revolution
I. Increase in population, education, and middle class
N. New advancements in Science (Jenner and Pasteur)
D. Dangerous Working conditions
U. Urbanization (city growth)
S. Standard of Living increases (how much you can buy)
T. Transportation improves (trains)
R. Rise of pollution
Y. Yeah, improvements to steel production (Bessemer process)

40. Agricultural economies were based on the family unit
Agricultural economies were based on the family unit. The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on the structure and function of the family.

41. Nature of Work in The factory System
First factory system was created at home in cottages
Cottage Industry
Family-based Cottage industry was displaced by the new factory system

42. Cottage Industry Farm #3 Town Farm #2 Sheep Farms Farm #1
The Merchant’s Route
Farm #1
Farm #3
Sheep Farms
FINISH
Town
Farm #2
START

43. The Factory Worker’s House Worker’s House Worker’s House
The Factory System
The Worker’s System

44. Nature of Work in The factory System
Harsh working conditions—men competed with women and children for wages/jobs
Child labor—kept costs of production low and profits high
Owners of mines and factories—exercised HUGE control over the lives of their laborers

45. Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Slavery
Due to the new inventions did need for slave labor increase or decrease? Why or why not?
Due to the cotton gin the demand for slave labor on American plantations increased.
1800s: United States and Great Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

46. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Women and children entering the workplace as CHEAP labor
Introduction of reforms to end child labor
Expansion of education
Women’s increased demands for suffrage
What does that mean?

47. Warm-Up: Friday, November 5th
What were the social effects of the industrial revolution?
How did the industrial revolution change slavery? In addition, how was slavery effected in the long run?
In what country did the industrial revolution begin and how did it spread?
List at least three reasons why the revolution began in the country it did.
What was the first industry to industrialize?

48. Rise of Labor Unions
Encouraged work-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions
Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children
Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management
What is collective bargaining?

49. The Industrial Revolution placed new demands on the labor of men, women, and children. Workers organized labor unions to fight for improved working conditions and workers’ rights.

50. Rise of Labor Unions Pg. 304-306

51. Communism & Capitalism

52. ??? What is an economic system?
The way a government or state uses their money
Governments use money to help people or provide for them
It depends on your economic system as to how it spends that money

53. What is capitalism? An economic system
Believes in individual ownership and competition.
The theory is that when everyone is selfish, it benefits everyone.
Adam Smith is “the” capitalist.

55. What’s good about capitalism?
Freedom and choices.
You can work wherever, buy whatever, and pretty much do whatever.
If you’re successful, you can be very successful.
Example: Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Lebron James

56. What’s bad about capitalism?
No “safety net.”
If you’re unsuccessful, you can be very unsuccessful.
Think about the poor.
There is a BIG gap between rich and poor

57. What is communism? An economic system.
Believes in collective (group) ownership and a planned economy.
The theory is that everybody pools their resources and labor to evenly distribute everything.
Karl Marx is “the” communist.

58. Communist Manifesto Abolition of property Heavy, progressive taxes
Abolition of inheritance
Confiscation of property of all emigrants and rebels
Central banking
State-controlled communication and transportation
State-controlled education of the children

59. Marxism They believed they discovered an inevitable pattern or cylcle
Marx and Engels studied the history of the world’s economies
Communism!!!!
Socialism
Capitalism
They believed they discovered an inevitable pattern or cylcle
Feudalism
Basic Communism

60. Communism/Socialism: What’s the difference?
Socialism is, “from each according to their ability, to each according to their DEEDS.”
Socialism is the stage between Capitalism and Communism. It builds upon the previous system (Capitalism) by nationalizing the “means of production” (i.e. corporations, resources, banks, etc.), but not by making everyone equal.
People are paid wages based on several factors (social need, difficulty, amount of schooling required, etc.), so not everyone will make the same wage.
Communism is “from each according to their ability to each according to their NEEDS.”
EVERYONE GETS THE SAME THINGS!!!!!

62. What’s good about communism?
Security, basic needs met.
Everyone would have a job, house, health care, etc.

63. What’s bad about communism?
Lack of choice
No reward for being a better worker or punishment for being a slacker.
Everyone expected to be the same
Not a lot of creativity

64. How’s this related to the Industrial Revovlution?
Adam Smith’s capitalism dominated the Industrial Revolution.
If you owned a good, successful business, there were no regulations to how you treat workers
This leads to BAD working conditions.
Karl Marx wrote about communism as a solution to capitalism’s problems
Marx said the workers would get fed up and overthrow their governments and start communism. THAT IS THE CYCLE!

66. Warm-Up: Monday, April 23rd
Answer the following and then prepare to turn in your warm ups.
What were some things that led to the dissatisfaction of people in capitalist economies?
What is the difference between capitalism, communism, and socialism?
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital?
What were the two books above about?

67. Warm-Up: Thursday, April 14th
Answer the following questions using your notes we took yesterday.
What were some things that led to the dissatisfaction of people in capitalist economies?
What is the difference between capitalism, communism, and socialism?
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital?
What were the two books above about?
Why did nations in Europe compete for new markets in Africa and Asia?.

68. Imperialism
WHII.9d-e

69. What Is Nationalism? What is Imperialism?
Pride or devotion to one’s nation
What Is Nationalism? What is Imperialism?
Colonizing a land that doesn't belong to you; making it a territory of your land 

70. Why did imperialism become popular?
How?
Why did imperialism become popular?
Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions.
European economic, military, and political power FORCED colonized countries to trade on European terms.
Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries.
Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.

71. Why did imperialism become popular?
How?
Why did imperialism become popular?
Industrial nations in Europe NEEDED NATURAL RESOURCES and MARKETS to expand their economies.

73. Forms of Imperialism Colonies
A county or territory governed by a foreign power
Most were established for the benefit of the mother country
During this time the “mother country” looked for supplies to help fuel the industrial revolution at home

74. Forms of Imperialism 2. Protectorates
A country or territory with its own internal government
BUT is still under the control of an outside power
It is likely that the outside power established the government in place to mirror their own

75. Forms of Imperialism 3. Spheres of influence
An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
The “mother country” does not inflict its government or full control on the sphere of influence but instead uses something such as its resources.

76. Imperialism in Africa & Asia
European Domination
During the late 19th to early 20th century European nations used their power and control to dominate places in Africa and Asia for European own benefit.
Stronger countries dominated the political, economic, and social life of weaker countries
Especially in Africa
Europeans also believed they were superior
Growth of racism and Social Darwinism

77. Imperialism in Africa & Asia
European conflicts carried to the colonies
Berlin Conference
Competition over colonies was so fierce European countries feared war against one another
In order to prevent the conflict 14 European nations met at the Berlin Conference ( ) to lay down rules for the division of Africa
***Set rules for division of Africa***

80. Imperialism in Africa & Asia
Christian missionary efforts
Prior to the mid-1800s Europeans did not enter the interior of Africa
Why did they not need to enter Africa before?
When people began exploring missionaries were sent to convert the African people to Christianity

81. Imperialism in Africa & Asia
Spheres of Influence in China
Europeans and Japanese established spheres of influence in China
These foreign nations controlled trade and investment
US declared an open door policy which upset the Chinese and led to the Boxer Rebellion

83. Imperialism in Africa & Asia
Suez Canal
After Napoleon failed to take Egypt a new leader emerged – Muhammad Ali
Began reform in Egypt
Muhammad Ali’s efforts to modernize Egypt were continued by his grandson Ismail
Construction of the Suez Canal man-made waterway that cut through the Isthmus of Suez
Connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean
Opened in 1869 and became the “lifeline of the empire”
***Allowed Britain quicker access to its colonies in Asia and Africa

84. East India Company
East India’s Company domination in Indian states (Britain still has links in India in mid-1800s)
The area controlled by the East India Company grew over time
British government regulated but didn’t really interfere
Britain cherished India at first for its potential rather than its profit
America’s opening of Japan trade
The US opened Japan for trade
They let go of the policy of isolationism

85. Responses of Colonized People
Armed Conflicts
Boxer Rebellion in China
Pg. 374
Rise of Nationalism
First Indian nationalist party founded in mid- 1800s
Pg. 361

86. Responses of Colonized People
Resistance to imperialism took many forms, including armed conflict and intellectual movements
As foreign influence grew in China, poor peasants and workers resented the special privileges granted to the foreigners in China due to the “Open Door Policy”
They developed the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists AKA “Boxers”

87. Responses of Colonized People
Armed Conflicts
Boxer Rebellion in China
Boxers’ campaign against the Dowager Empress (Qing Dynasty) and foreign privilege became known as the Boxer Rebellion
In 1900, they descended on Beijing and surrounded the European section of the city
Kept it under siege for several months
19,000 troops marched in and defeated the boxers
Result: Strong sense of nationalism emerged in China and believed the government must be responsive to their needs

88. Responses of Colonized People
Rise of Nationalism
First Indian nationalist party founded in mid- 1800s
With British control, more Indians demanded modernization and a greater role in governing themselves
Didn’t want India to be controlled by outsiders
Led by Ram Mohun Roy – “Father of Modern India”
Two nationalist groups formed: Indian National Congress and Muslim League
Concentrated on concerns for Indians and later called for self-government

89. European nations competed to control Africa and Asia in order to secure their own economic and political success.

90. Imperialism spread the economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.

91. Resistance to imperialism took many forms, including armed conflict and intellectual movements.