1. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Fraud Examination, 4E Chapter 17: Fraud in E-Commerce

2. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objectives  Understand e-commerce fraud risk.  Take measures to prevent fraud in e-commerce.  Detect e-business fraud.

3. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. E-commerce Fraud Risk  Pressures to Commit E-commerce Fraud  Dramatic growth, which has created tremendous cash flow needs.  Merger or acquisition activity, which creates pressures to “improve the reported financial results.”  Borrowing or issuing stock, additional pressures to “cook the books.”

4. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. E-commerce Fraud Risk  New products, which require intensive and expensive marketing and for which an existing market does not yet exist.  Unproven or flawed business models, with tremendous cash flow pressures.

5. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. E-commerce Fraud Risk  Opportunities to Commit E-commerce Fraud  New and innovative technologies for which security developments often lag transaction developments.  Complex information systems that make installing controls difficult.  The transfer of large amounts of information, a factor that poses theft and identity risks such as illegal monitoring and unauthorized access.

6. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. E-commerce Fraud Risk  Removal of personal contact, which allows for easier impersonation or falsified identity.  Lack of “brick-and-mortar” and other physical facilities that facilitate falsifying Web sites and business transactions.  Inability to distinguish large and/or established companies from new and/or smaller companies, making it easy to deceive customers by falsifying identity and/or business descriptions.

7. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. E-commerce Fraud Risk  Electronic transfer of funds, allowing large frauds to be committed more easily.  Compromised privacy, which results in easier theft by using stolen or falsified information.

8. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. E-commerce Fraud Risk  Rationalization to Commit E-commerce Fraud  The perceived distance that decreases the personal contact between customer and supplier.  Transactions between anonymous or unknown buyers and sellers—you can’t see who you are hurting.  New economy thinking contends that traditional methods of accounting no longer apply.

9. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. E-commerce Fraud Risk  Risks Inside an Organization  Data theft  Social engineering  Sniffing  Wartrapping  Vandalism  Employee laptops

10. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. E-commerce Fraud Risk  Risks Outside an Organization  Computer viruses  Spyware  Phishing  Spoofing  Falsified identity  Database query (SQL) injections  Bust-out  E-mail and Web visits

11. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  In e-business settings, reducing pressures and eliminating rationalizations has thus far proved difficult.  Security Through Obscurity  Keeping security holes, encryption algorithms, and processes secret in an effort to confuse attackers.  Experience shows that obscurity only heightens the challenge to a hacker!

12. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  One of the best ways to prevent fraud in an e-business settings is to focus on reducing opportunities, usually through the implementation of appropriate internal controls.  Internal controls involve five different elements: (1) The control environment (2) Risk assessment (3) Control activities or procedures (4) Information and communication (5) Monitoring

13. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  The following are the most important components of the control environment:  Integrity and Ethical Values  Board of Directors and Audit Committee Participation  Management’s Philosophy and Operating Style  Human Resources Policies and Practices

14. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  Risk Assessment  Identifies the risks of doing business with e-business partners  Focuses on the control environment of business partners  Identifies the risks involved in electronic exchange or information and money  Intrusion detection

15. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  Control Activities  Adequate separation of duties  Proper authorization of transactions and activities  Adequate documents and records  Physical control over assets and records  Independent checks on performance

16. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  Adequate Separation of Duties  Make sure individuals who authorize transactions are different from those who actually execute them.  Doing so prevents the most common fraud in purchasing: kickbacks and bribery.

17. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  Proper Authorization of Transactions and Activities  Passwords  Firewalls  Digital signatures and certificates  Biometrics

18. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  Adequate Documents and Records  Electronic Documents:  sales invoices, purchase orders, subsidiary records, sales journals, employee time cards, checks, etc.  In e-commerce, additional controls must be put in place.  Encryption

19. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  Physical Control over Assets and Records  Three categories of controls protect:  IT equipment  Programs  Data Files  Physical controls are used to protect computer facilities.

20. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  Independent Checks on Performance  Organizations should always conduct checks on their e-business partners (Dun & Bradstreet reviews, full-fledged investigations)

21. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Preventing Fraud in E-commerce  Understand the management or business partners and what motivates them. Three items :  Backgrounds  Motivations  Decision-making influence-must be examined.

22. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Detecting E-commerce Fraud  Data-driven Fraud Detection  Endeavor to understand the business or operations of the organization  Identify what frauds can occur in the operation  Determine the symptoms that the most likely frauds would generate  Use databases and information systems to search for those symptoms

23. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Detecting E-commerce Fraud  Analyze the results  Investigate the symptoms to determine if they are being caused by actual fraud or by other factors

24. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Detecting E-commerce Fraud  Technical Knowledge and Experience  It is extremely important for fraud investigators who specialize in e-commerce to understand the tools and methods that perpetrators use.

25. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Detecting E-commerce Fraud  Web-servers  E-mail clients and servers  Intrusion programs (nmap, Airsnort, Wireshark, etc.)  Unix  Perl, Python, Ruby and Bash scripting languages