3. Question Marks Colons Full Stops Exclamation Marks Speech Marks Commas Semi-Colons Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

4. Nouns Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation Complex Sentences Chunks of Meaning Auxiliary Verb Improving Sentences Connectives Adverbs Verbs Adjectives

8. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

14. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

20. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

21. Chunks of Meaning Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Words Dog Big Barked

22. Clauses Words and phrases go together to make clauses A clause must always have a verb in It may also have other chunks, but as long as there’s only one verb (or verb chain) it’s a single clause Clauses can be put together to make compound or complex sentences. the big dog was barking subjectverb At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house.

23. Clauses Phrases the big dog in the garden was barking Chunks of Meaning Words Dog Big Barked the big dog was barking subjectverb

24. Clauses Phrases the big dog in the garden was barking Chunks of Meaning Words Dog Big Barked Sentences At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my house. the big dog was barking subjectverb

25. Commas can also affect meaning Sentence Slow, children crossing. Go slowly there are children crossing the road. Sentence Slow children crossing. This is just describing that there are a group of slow children crossing something.

26. Let’s Practice Our teacher Mr Elliot like’s Tortoises a lot. The human body is a fantastic thing which we really take for granted but should really take more care of. School is fun most of the time but can sometimes be boring. The man ran down the hallway not noticing the people behind him. When you go to sleep you sometimes have dreams that can turn into nightmares. She looked around wondering if anyone was following her when she saw a shadow behind her. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

27. Semi-colonsSemi-colons Where should they go? ;

28. Colons and Semi-colons Like commas and full tops they mark the places where you would pause when speaking. : ;

29. Each punctuation mark has a certain strength. The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the semi-colon. The colon is stronger than the semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop., ; :.

30. Semi-colon A semi-colon can sometimes be used to replace a full stop. It links two complete sentences and turns them into one.

31. Here’s how The door swung open ; a masked figure strode in. He never took any exercise ; consequently he became very fat. At the circus we saw a clown juggling with swords and daggers ; a lion who stood on a ball ; a fire eater with flashing eyes ; and an eight year old acrobat. She was very tired ; she had worked late the night before.

32. Have a go! 1.The rabbit had been sadly neglected it was in an awful state. 2.John opened the drawer it was empty. 3.The wedding invitations have all been sent out two hundred guests are expected. 4.Tom was very clever and worked hard he deserved to pass all his Sats. 5.Sally’s birthday is in November John’s is in September. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

33. ColonsColons Where should they go? :

34. Colons and Semi colons Like commas and full tops they mark the places where you would pause when speaking. : ;

35. Each punctuation mark has a certain strength. The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the semi-colon. The colon is stronger than the semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop., ; :.

36. Colon A colon can sometimes be used to introduce lists. You need the following ingredients : eggs, butter, flour, sugar and milk.

37. Colons Are used in plays. Tom: Don’t forget to lock the door. Lisa: I won’t. Tom: And close all the windows.

38. Colons Can be used before direct speech, instead of a comma. To my amazement, I heard Mary say: “I am never coming back.”

39. Have a go! 1.I think I have remembered everything, string, nails, plywood, hammer and pliers. 2.Remember the saying “A stitch in time saves nine.” 3.All my tools were stolen a hammer, saw, screwdriver and wire cutters. 4.I enjoy all subjects French, Spanish, English and Maths. 5.Roald Dahl wrote many books James and the Giant Peach, Esio Trot and The Twits. 6.I shall never forget his advice “If you can’t say something nice, don’t say anything at all.” Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

40. Negative Prefixes A prefix is added to the beginning of a word, or to a word root to change its meaning. For example adding un to pleasant becomes unpleasant. It makes the original word an antonym (its opposite) Try these: Move the un to the root word and see what antonym you get Un dress decided cooked acceptable pleasant did

41. Choose negative prefixes from the box to make each of these words into antonyms. word roots justice polite approve behave possible sufficient literate colour trust honest In dis mis im il Can you think of any more examples of antonyms containing these negative prefixes? Does it change its spelling in each case?

42. Use a dictionary and a thesaurus to help. On your whiteboards write these word roots to make antonyms. Work in pairs. Word experience logical mature regular possible complete legal reversible Antonym using negative prefix Show me your Whiteboards. How did you get on? What did you learn? Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

43. Their, There and They’re

44. Their Belonging to them

45. There Over there

46. They’re They are

47. Which one? How often do they tidy __________ mess up? Never!

48. Which one? How often do they tidy their mess up? Never!

49. Which one? _________ legs are so long, they can just walk over fences!

50. Which one? Their legs are so long, they can just walk over fences!

51. Which one? The Science Books are over _____.

52. Which one? The Science Books are over there.

53. Which one? “__________” over __________!” shouted Mr Studd.

54. Which one? “They’re” over there!” shouted Mr Studd.

55. Which one? __________ lazy! That is ______ rubbish over __________..

56. Which one? They’re lazy! That is their rubbish over there. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

57. PunctuationPunctuation Making Sense of Writing

58. Capital Letters We need these to begin a new sentence. For proper nouns which are the names of people, places, book and film titles. Can you think of any proper nouns which need a capital letter? Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

59. Proper Nouns Jenny, who lived in King Street, Manchester, had a pet frog who liked to jump in the air. She wrote a book about it called The Leaping Frog. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

60. Why do we need full stops? Full stops are needed to divide up sentences so that we know where to pause. They are used when we have finished saying one thing, and we are going on to say something else. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

61. Can you spot where we need full stops? Sean was eating a large pizza he was getting fed up with it he decided to give the rest to the dog the dog was happy Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

62. Commas We need commas to separate items in a list. She had a ham sandwich, a drink, a jelly, and a chocolate bar for lunch.

63. Any other reason for commas? We also use commas to separate clauses in complex sentences. The boy was playing with a football, which had been signed by Wayne Rooney. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

64. Question marks Of course we use question marks when a question is asked. This often occurs when characters use speech. Can you all hear me? Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

65. Speech marks We let the reader know when someone is speaking by putting speech marks around the spoken words. “I will be on TV some day,” announced Jimmy. “ Just you wait and see.” Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

66. Exclamation marks! Exclamation marks are used to emphasise meaning. It could be to :- Give a word more strength Show someone is shouting Add a sense of urgency HELP ! Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

67. What shall we do now? First you must use capitals and full stops. Read it out loud to yourself. Identify each sentence. Have you used a capital for proper nouns? Check if you have long sentences or lists that need dividing up with commas. Have you used any questions? What do you need? Have you shown when a character is speaking? Do you wish to emphasise any words?

68. CHECK PUNCTUATION. You will all have a punctuation check list. Use it every time you do a piece of writing. C., ? “ ___” !

69. The Mighty Apostrophe ’

70. The apostrophe has 2 functions 1. To replace missing letters in contractions. 2. To show that something belongs to someone. (possession)

71. Contractio ns

72. I am I’m

73. We are We’re

74. He is He’s

75. Now try contracting these words. Can not She had They are He will We have Can’t She’d They’re He’ll We’ve

76. PossessionPossession

77. Apostrophes can also be used to show that something belongs to someone else. Mr Elliot’s chair.

78. Have a go at putting the apostrophes in the right place. The pencil case that belonged to Megan. Megan’s pencil case. The drink that belonged to Jack Jack’s drink. The book that belonged to Tiarna. Tiarna’s book The rubber that belonged to Charles Charles’ rubber Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

79. Improving sentences Objective – to improve sentences by adding: adjectives adjectives adverbs adverbs a prepositional phrase a prepositional phrase an embedded clause an embedded clause an –ing and –ed clause. an –ing and –ed clause.

80. Our basic sentence A dog barked.

81. Adding adjectives What is an adjective and what is its job? A describing word To describe the noun The dog barked. The ferocious dog barked. The scruffy dog barked. The aggravated dog barked Now it’s your turn. Add an adjective. The-----------------dog barked The adjective goes before the noun.

82. Adding adverbs What is an adverb? What does it do? Tells you how something is being done It qualifies the verb The ferocious dog barked. The ferocious dog barked noisily. The ferocious dog barked excitedly. Now it’s your turn, how did the dog bark? Add an adverb to your already improved sentence.

83. Adding a prepositional phrase What is a prepositional phrase ? It tells you where or when something happened Some examples are: on, in, under, by, after, through, during, beside They can go at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence. The ferocious dog barked noisily. All through the night the ferocious dog barked noisily. The ferocious dog, in the back of the car, barked noisily. The ferocious dog barked noisily through the hole in the fence. Can you add a prepositional phrase to the beginning or end of your sentence?

84. Embedding a clause – a sandwich sentence Put a, after the noun you are giving more information about then the filling and close the sandwich with another, The ferocious dog,, barked noisily through the hole in the fence. The ferocious dog, who lived next door, barked noisily through the hole in the fence. The ferocious dog, that had just been injected, barked noisily through the hole in the fence. Adding in information between commas using who, which, that, with. Use commas as the two slices of bread and then put in the filling – extra information. Embed a clause into your sentence. who was trying to scare away the burglars The ferocious dog barked noisily through the hole in the fence.

85. Adding an –ing or –ed clause This is just another type of clause that you can embed in your sentence. The clause you embed begins with an –ing or an –ed word. The dog, running around in circles, barked. The dog,teased by the children, barked. Put the, after the noun you are giving more information about and after the filling!

86. Putting it altogether! The ferocious dog, who was trying to scare away the burglars, barked noisily through the hole in the fence. Here’s what we started with – The dog barked. And here’s our improved sentence! Let’s hear some of your examples…

87. The game Working in pairs Choose a basic sentence for both of you to work with. Roll the dice and follow the instructions. Let your partner check your new sentence. Score: 1point if you correctly add an adjective. 1 point if you correctly add an adverb 2 points if you correctly add a prepositional phrase 2 points if correctly embed a clause. Add up all the points if you get the chance to shine! The winner is the person with the highest number of points when time is called. On the dice – 1=add an adjective 2= add an adverb 3 = add a prepositional phrase 4= embed a clause. 5= chance to shine. Sentences to improve – The boy ran. The sun shone. The horse galloped. The candle flickered. The crowd cheered. The cat climbed.

88. Time to show what you know! The wolf howled. Can you add an adjective? Can you add an adverb? Can you add a prepositional phrase? Can you embed a clause In your pairs, see if you can shine!

89. Back to Grammar Back to Punctuation

90. Nouns Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the nouns. Click on the words to see if it’s a noun. Nouns noun not

91. Verbs Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the verbs. Click on the words to see if it’s a verb. Verbs verb not

92. Adjectives Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the adjective. Click on the words to see if it’s a adjective. Adjective adjective not

93. Adverbs Let’s look at these words and see if we can spot the adverbs. Click on the words to see if it’s an adverb. adverbs adverb not