1. Restoring Liberty and Justice, Once and For All

2. www.PatriotCorps.org www.Scribd.com/Matt_Erickson_6 Non-Fiction Books: Fiction Novels:

3. Golden Rule of American Government

4. All those who are entrusted with the exercise of federal authority are powerless to change its extent

5. Golden Rule of American Government All those who are entrusted with the exercise of federal authority are powerless to change its extent (only the States are empowered by [Article V of] the Constitution to ratify Amendments).

6. Golden Rule of American Government Implications: 1. Since no federal action has actually ever changed the Constitution, the Constitution of original intent remains fully intact, except as modified by the 27 Amendments which have since been ratified.

7. Golden Rule of American Government Implications: 2. Since the federal government absolutely cannot change its own power, the nearly unlimited discretion that it has exercised to date must therefore necessarily come from somewhere within its delegated powers.

8. Voting & Presidential Elections 12 th 1804President and Vice-President 15 th 1870Race, Color, or previous Servitude 17 th 1913Direct Election of Senators 19 th 1920Sex (women vote) 20 th 1933Presidential/Congressional Terms 22 nd 1951President—not over two terms 23 rd 1961D.C. residents pick Electors 24 th 1964Poll Tax 25 th 1967Presidential Succession 26 th 1971Age (18-year olds vote)

9. Presidential Elections

10. $2 Billion to elect a President in 2012

11. Presidential Elections $2 Billion to elect a President in 2012 1. Active and engaged citizenry; and/or

12. Presidential Elections $2 Billion to elect a President in 2012 1. Active and engaged citizenry; and/or 2. Best government money can buy; and/or

13. Presidential Elections $2 Billion to elect a President in 2012 1. Active and engaged citizenry; and/or 2. Best government money can buy; and/or 3. Symptom of desperation because no one has a clue what is actually going on — so vast amounts of $$$$$ are thrown at an apparent problem in attempt to ‘Do Something’ and hope it sticks.

15. Changing the Powers of Government

16. may only occur by formally ratifying Amendments to the U.S. Constitution under Article V

17. Changing the Powers of Government may only occur by formally ratifying Amendments to the U.S. Constitution under Article V 1. Only States may ratify Amendments;

18. Changing the Powers of Government may only occur by formally ratifying Amendments to the U.S. Constitution under Article V 1. Only States may ratify Amendments; 2. Federal Government:

19. Changing the Powers of Government may only occur by formally ratifying Amendments to the U.S. Constitution under Article V 1. Only States may ratify Amendments; 2. Federal Government: a. Legislative Branch: Congress may only propose Amendments (and provide for their mode of ratification);

20. Changing the Powers of Government may only occur by formally ratifying Amendments to the U.S. Constitution under Article V 1. Only States may ratify Amendments; 2. Federal Government: a. Legislative Branch: Congress may only propose Amendments (and provide for their mode of ratification); b. Executive Branch: The President has no role in proposing or ratifying Amendments;

21. Changing the Powers of Government may only occur by formally ratifying Amendments to the U.S. Constitution under Article V 1. Only States may ratify Amendments; 2. Federal Government: a. Legislative Branch: Congress may only propose Amendments (and provide for their mode of ratification); b. Executive Branch: The President has no role in proposing or ratifying Amendments; c. Judicial Branch: The Courts have no role in proposing or ratifying Amendments.

22. Presidential Elections

25. Changing the Powers of Government may only occur by formally ratifying Amendments to the U.S. Constitution under Article V 1. Only States may ratify Amendments;

26. Changing the Powers of Government may only occur by formally ratifying Amendments to the U.S. Constitution under Article V 1. Only States may ratify Amendments; (upon three-fourths of the States’ approval)

27. Changing the Powers of Government may only occur by formally ratifying Amendments to the U.S. Constitution under Article V 1. Only States may ratify Amendments; (upon three-fourths of the States’ approval) With 50 States in the Union, 38 States are needed to ratify any new Amendment

28. Changing the Powers of Government may only occur by formally ratifying Amendments to the U.S. Constitution under Article V 1. Only States may ratify Amendments; (upon three-fourths of the States’ approval) With 50 States in the Union, 38 States are needed to ratify any new Amendment (meaning any 13 States may block ratification of any proposed Amendment).

29. Presidential Elections 14 States

30. Discretion over Governmental Powers Article V Amendment Process

31. Discretion over Governmental Powers Article V — vs. — Article II, Section 1 Amendment Process

32. Discretion over Governmental Powers Article V — vs. — Article II, Section 1 Amendment Process Discretion within Delegated Powers

33. The Federalist #51 "If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary." James Madison

34. The Federalist #51 "In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other…" James Madison

35. To regain lost Liberty and limited Government under strict construction of the whole Constitution,

36. Question apparent Truths which are NOT True.

37. To regain lost Liberty and limited Government under strict construction of the whole Constitution, Question apparent Truths which are NOT True. False Assumptions ≠ Truth

41. F ebruary 25, 1862 Civil War Greenbacks First Paper Currency declared a Legal Tender under the U.S. Constitution —

42. F ebruary 25, 1862 Civil War Greenbacks First Paper Currency declared a Legal Tender under the U.S. Constitution — Legal Tender for all Debts, except duties on imports and interest on the public debt.

43. Civil War Greenbacks Bronson v. Rodes, 74 U.S. 229 (1869) Hepburn v. Griswold, 75 U.S. 603 (1870)

44. Civil War Greenbacks The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 (1871) Knox v. Lee Parker v. Davis

45. Civil War Greenbacks The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 (1871) Knox v. Lee Parker v. Davis To understand this court case, one must learn to read between the lines and discard all the irrelevant chatter.

46. Civil War Greenbacks “we will notice briefly an argument presented in support of the position that the unit of money value must possess intrinsic value. The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 552 (1871)

47. Civil War Greenbacks “we will notice briefly an argument presented in support of the position that the unit of money value must possess intrinsic value. “The argument is derived from assimilating the constitutional provision respecting a standard of weights and measures to that of conferring a power to coin money and regulate its value.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 552-553 (1871)

48. Civil War Greenbacks “It is said there can be no uniform standard of weights without weight, or of measure without length or space, and we are asked how anything can be made a uniform standard of value which itself has no value? The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871)

49. Civil War Greenbacks “It is said there can be no uniform standard of weights without weight, or of measure without length or space, and we are asked how anything can be made a uniform standard of value which itself has no value? “This is a question foreign to the subject before us.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871) (Italics added)

50. Civil War Greenbacks “The legal tender acts do not attempt to make paper a standard of value. The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871) (Italics added).

51. Civil War Greenbacks “The legal tender acts do not attempt to make paper a standard of value. “We do not rest their validity upon the assertion that their emission is coinage, or any regulation of the value of money; nor do we assert that Congress may make anything which has no value money.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871) (Italics added).

52. The court admitted that legal tender paper currency: 1. is not ‘coinage’; The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 552-553 (1871)

53. The court admitted that legal tender paper currency: 1. is not ‘coinage’; 2. is not ‘money’; The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 552-553 (1871)

54. The court admitted that legal tender paper currency: 1. is not ‘coinage’; 2. is not ‘money’; 3. is not emitted as a ‘regulation of the value of money’; and The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 552-553 (1871)

55. The court admitted that legal tender paper currency: 1. is not ‘coinage’; 2. is not ‘money’; 3. is not emitted as a ‘regulation of the value of money’; and 4. does not have inherent ‘value’. The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 552-553 (1871)

56. In case anyone doubts these conclusions, the court also declared: “It is, then, a mistake to regard the legal tender acts as either fixing a standard of value or regulating money values, or making that money which has no intrinsic value.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871)

57. “We do not…rest our assertion of the power of Congress to enact legal tender laws upon this grant.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 547 (1871)

58. Civil War Greenbacks “What we do assert is, that Congress has power to enact that the government’s promises to pay money shall be, for the time being, equivalent in value to the representative value determined by the coinage acts, or to multiples thereof.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871)

59. Civil War Greenbacks “What we do assert is, that Congress has power to enact that the government’s promises to pay money shall be, for the time being, equivalent in value to the representative value determined by the coinage acts, or to multiples thereof.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871)

60. The Legal Tender Cases referred to paper currency as: “the government’s promises to pay money;” Legal Tender Cases, 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871);

61. The Legal Tender Cases referred to paper currency as: “the government’s promises to pay money;” The Hepburn court called paper currency: “mere promises to pay dollars;” Legal Tender Cases, 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871); Hepburn v. Griswold, 75 U.S. 603 @ 625 (1870);

62. The Legal Tender Cases referred to paper currency as: “the government’s promises to pay money;” The Hepburn court called paper currency: “mere promises to pay dollars;” while the Bronson court stated that: “The note dollar” was a “promise to pay a coined dollar.” Legal Tender Cases, 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871); Hepburn v. Griswold, 75 U.S. 603 @ 625 (1870); Bronson v. Rodes, 74 U.S. 229 @ 251 (1869).

63. Civil War Greenbacks “What we do assert is, that Congress has power to enact that the government’s promises to pay money shall be, for the time being, equivalent in value to the representative value determined by the coinage acts, or to multiples thereof.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871)

64. Civil War Greenbacks “What we do assert is, that Congress has power to enact that the government’s promises to pay money shall be, for the time being, equivalent in value to the representative value determined by the coinage acts, or to multiples thereof.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871)

65. Civil War Greenbacks “What we do assert is, that Congress has power to enact that the government’s promises to pay money shall be, for the time being, equivalent in value to the representative value determined by the coinage acts, or to multiples thereof.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871)

66. Civil War Greenbacks “What we do assert is, that Congress has power to enact that the government’s promises to pay money shall be, for the time being, equivalent in value to the representative value determined by the coinage acts, or to multiples thereof.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871)

67. Civil War Greenbacks “What we do assert is, that Congress has power to enact that the government’s promises to pay money shall be, for the time being, equivalent in value to the representative value determined by the coinage acts, or to multiples thereof.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871)

68. “The judicial Power…shall be vested in one supreme Court…” Article III

69. “The executive Power shall be vested in a President…” Article II

70. “The judicial Power…shall be vested in one supreme Court…” Article III “The executive Power shall be vested in a President…” Article II “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress…” Article I

71. “The judicial Power…shall be vested in one supreme Court…” Article III “The executive Power shall be vested in a President…” Article II “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress…” Article I

72. “The judicial Power…shall be vested in one supreme Court…” Article III “The executive Power shall be vested in a President…” Article II “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress…” Article I

73. “The judicial Power…shall be vested in one supreme Court…” Article III “The executive Power shall be vested in a President…” Article II “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress…” Article I

74. Civil War Greenbacks “What we do assert is, that Congress has power to enact that the government’s promises to pay money shall be, for the time being, equivalent in value to the representative value determined by the coinage acts, or to multiples thereof.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 553 (1871)

75. Criminal Jurisdiction:

76. Treason: Article III, Section 3, Clauses 1 & 2.

77. Criminal Jurisdiction: Treason: Article III, Section 3, Clauses 1 & 2. Counterfeiting: Article I, Section 8, Clause 6.

78. Criminal Jurisdiction: Treason: Article III, Section 3, Clauses 1 & 2. Counterfeiting: Article I, Section 8, Clause 6. Piracies: Article I, Section 8, Clause 10.

79. Criminal Jurisdiction: Treason: Article III, Section 3, Clauses 1 & 2. Counterfeiting: Article I, Section 8, Clause 6. Piracies: Article I, Section 8, Clause 10. Impeachment: Article I, Section 2, Clause 5/Article I, Section 3, Clauses 6 & 7/and Article II, Section 4.

80. The Supreme Court : Treason, Counterfeiting, Piracy, and Impeachments are: “the extent of power to punish crime expressly conferred. The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 535-536 (1871)

81. The Supreme Court : Treason, Counterfeiting, Piracy, and Impeachments are: “the extent of power to punish crime expressly conferred. “It might be argued that the expression of these limited powers implies an exclusion of all other subjects of criminal legislation.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 535-536 (1871)

82. The Supreme Court : “Such is the argument in the present cases. The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

83. The Supreme Court : “Such is the argument in the present cases. “It is said because Congress is authorized to coin money and regulate its value it cannot declare anything other than gold and silver to be money and make it a legal tender.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

84. The Supreme Court: “Yet Congress, by the act of April 30, 1790, entitled “An act more effectually to provide for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States,” and the supplementary act of March 3d, 1825, defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes other than those mentioned in the Constitution, and some of the punishments prescribed are manifestly not in aid of any single substantive power.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

85. The Supreme Court: “Yet Congress, by the act of April 30, 1790, entitled “An act more effectually to provide for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States,” and the supplementary act of March 3d, 1825, defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes other than those mentioned in the Constitution, and some of the punishments prescribed are manifestly not in aid of any single substantive power.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

86. The Supreme Court: “Yet Congress, by the act of April 30, 1790, entitled “An act more effectually to provide for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States,” and the supplementary act of March 3d, 1825, defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes other than those mentioned in the Constitution, and some of the punishments prescribed are manifestly not in aid of any single substantive power.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

87. The Supreme Court: “Yet Congress, by the act of April 30, 1790, defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes other than those mentioned in the Constitution, and some of the punishments prescribed are manifestly not in aid of any single substantive power.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

88. The Supreme Court : Treason, Counterfeiting, Piracy, and Impeachments are: “the extent of power to punish crime expressly conferred. “It might be argued that the expression of these limited powers implies an exclusion of all other subjects of criminal legislation.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 535-536 (1871)

89. The Supreme Court: “Yet Congress, by the act of April 30, 1790, defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes other than those mentioned in the Constitution, and some of the punishments prescribed are manifestly not in aid of any single substantive power.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

90. The Supreme Court: “Yet Congress, by the act of April 30, 1790, defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes other than those mentioned in the Constitution, and some of the punishments prescribed are manifestly not in aid of any single substantive power.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

91. In seeking to justify Congress declaring paper currency a legal tender, the Supreme Court detailed that 1790 and 1825 crime acts “defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes”: “other than those (crimes) mentioned in the Constitution;” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

92. In seeking to justify Congress declaring paper currency a legal tender, the Supreme Court detailed that 1790 and 1825 crime acts “defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes”: “other than those (crimes) mentioned in the Constitution;” other than those crimes which had “direct reference… in the Constitution”; The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536, 545 (1871)

93. In seeking to justify Congress declaring paper currency a legal tender, the Supreme Court detailed that 1790 and 1825 crime acts “defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes”: “other than those (crimes) mentioned in the Constitution;” other than those crimes which had “direct reference… in the Constitution”; other than that criminal jurisdiction which was “expressly conferred” in the Constitution. The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536, 545, 536 (1871)

94. In seeking to justify Congress declaring paper currency a legal tender, the Supreme Court detailed that 1790 and 1825 crime acts “defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes”: “other than those (crimes) mentioned in the Constitution;” other than those crimes which had “direct reference… in the Constitution”; other than that criminal jurisdiction which was “expressly conferred” in the Constitution. The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536, 545, 536 (1871)

95. April 30, 1790 crime act Sections 1, 2, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32: Treason 1790, April 30; Chapter 9 (1 Stat. 112 @ 113-119) See also: Monetary Laws, Volume II, Appendix K, Page 590-595. 2012. www.PatriotCorps.orgwww.PatriotCorps.org

96. April 30, 1790 crime act Sections 1, 2, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32: Treason Section 14: Counterfeiting 1790, April 30; Chapter 9 (1 Stat. 112 @ 113-119) See also: Monetary Laws, Volume II, Appendix K, Page 590-595. 2012. www.PatriotCorps.orgwww.PatriotCorps.org

97. April 30, 1790 crime act Sections 1, 2, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32: Treason Section 14: Counterfeiting Sections 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 28: Piracy 1790, April 30; Chapter 9 (1 Stat. 112 @ 113-119) See also: Monetary Laws, Volume II, Appendix K, Page 590-595. 2012. www.PatriotCorps.orgwww.PatriotCorps.org

98. April 30, 1790 crime act Section 3: 1790, April 30; Chapter 9 (1 Stat. 112 @ 113) See also: Monetary Laws, Volume II, Appendix K, Page 590. 2012. www.PatriotCorps.orgwww.PatriotCorps.org

99. April 30, 1790 crime act Section 3: “That if any person or persons shall, within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” 1790, April 30; Chapter 9 (1 Stat. 112 @ 113) See also: Monetary Laws, Volume II, Appendix K, Page 590. 2012. www.PatriotCorps.orgwww.PatriotCorps.org

100. April 30, 1790 crime act Section 3: “That if any person or persons shall, within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” 1790, April 30; Chapter 9 (1 Stat. 112 @ 113) See also: Monetary Laws, Volume II, Appendix K, Page 590. 2012. www.PatriotCorps.orgwww.PatriotCorps.org

101. The Supreme Court: “Yet Congress, by the act of April 30, 1790, defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes other than those mentioned in the Constitution, and some of the punishments prescribed are manifestly not in aid of any single substantive power.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

102. The Supreme Court: “Yet Congress, by the act of April 30, 1790, defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes other than those mentioned in the Constitution, and some of the punishments prescribed are manifestly not in aid of any single substantive power.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 536 (1871)

103. April 30, 1790 crime act Section 7: “That if any person or persons shall within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, commit the crime of manslaughter, and shall be thereof convicted, such person or persons shall be imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined not exceeding one thousand dollars.” 1790, April 30; Chapter 9 (1 Stat. 112 @ 113) See also: Monetary Laws, Volume II, Appendix K, Page 591. 2012. www.PatriotCorps.orgwww.PatriotCorps.org

104. April 30, 1790 crime act Section 7: “That if any person or persons shall within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, commit the crime of manslaughter, and shall be thereof convicted, such person or persons shall be imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined not exceeding one thousand dollars.” 1790, April 30; Chapter 9 (1 Stat. 112 @ 113) See also: Monetary Laws, Volume II, Appendix K, Page 591. 2012. www.PatriotCorps.orgwww.PatriotCorps.org

105. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.”

106. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.”

107. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.”

108. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.”

110. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.”

111. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.”

112. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: Exercising exclusive legislation “in all Cases whatsoever”

113. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: Exercising exclusive legislation “in all Cases whatsoever” includes cases both civil AND criminal;

114. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: Exercising exclusive legislation “in all Cases whatsoever” includes cases both civil AND criminal; the power of enacting both civil and criminal legislation.

115. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.”

116. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.”

118. Congress “defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes”: “other than those (crimes) mentioned in the Constitution”

119. Congress “defined and provided for the punishment of a large class of crimes”: “other than those (crimes) mentioned in the Constitution” Forts, Magazines,Arse nals, dock- Yards, and other needful Buildings and district under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States =

120. =

121. = =

122. = =

123. Discretion over Governmental Powers Article V — vs. — Article II, Section 1 Amendment Process Discretion within Delegated Powers

124. www.PatriotCorps.org www.Scribd.com/Matt_Erickson_6 Non-Fiction Books: Fiction Novels:

125. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.”

126. Declaration of Independence: “For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.”

127. Declaration of Independence: “For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.”

128. Declaration of Independence: “For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.” The Declaration lists numerous facts of “repeated injuries and usurpations” which were being submitted to “a candid world” to prove King George III sought to establish “an absolute Tyranny over these States.”

129. Declaration of Independence: “For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.” The Declaration lists numerous facts of “repeated injuries and usurpations” which were being submitted to “a candid world” to prove King George III sought to establish “an absolute Tyranny over these States.” These facts are listed into paragraphs which begin with the phrase “He has…” The thirteenth of these paragraphs (which discusses “Acts of pretended Legislation”) lists nine sub-paragraphs which begin with the word “For”. The sub-paragraph listed above is the last of the “For…” sub-paragraphs listed in the Declaration.

130. South Carolina’s 1776 State Constitution: “Whereas the British Parliament, claiming of late years a right to bind the North American colonies by law in all cases whatsoever...”

131. South Carolina’s 1776 State Constitution: “Whereas the British Parliament, claiming of late years a right to bind the North American colonies by law in all cases whatsoever…”

132. South Carolina’s 1776 State Constitution: “Whereas the British Parliament, claiming of late years a right to bind the North American colonies by law in all cases whatsoever

133. South Carolina’s 1776 State Constitution: “Whereas the British Parliament, claiming of late years a right to bind the North American colonies by law in all cases whatsoever…without the consent and against the will of the colonists...”

134. March 18, 1766 Declaratory Act: “ That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; a.k.a.; The American Colonies Act. 6 George III, c. 12, The Statutes at Large, ed. Danby Pickering (London, 1767), XXVII, 19 - 20.

135. March 18, 1766 Declaratory Act: “ That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; and that the King's majesty, by and with the advice and consent of…parliament… had, hath, and of right ought to have a.k.a.; The American Colonies Act. 6 George III, c. 12, The Statutes at Large, ed. Danby Pickering (London, 1767), XXVII, 19 - 20.

136. March 18, 1766 Declaratory Act: “ That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; and that the King's majesty, by and with the advice and consent of…parliament… had, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws…of sufficient force and validity a.k.a.; The American Colonies Act. 6 George III, c. 12, The Statutes at Large, ed. Danby Pickering (London, 1767), XXVII, 19 - 20.

137. March 18, 1766 Declaratory Act: “ That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; and that the King's majesty, by and with the advice and consent of…parliament… had, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws…of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, a.k.a.; The American Colonies Act. 6 George III, c. 12, The Statutes at Large, ed. Danby Pickering (London, 1767), XXVII, 19 - 20.

138. March 18, 1766 Declaratory Act: “ That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; and that the King's majesty, by and with the advice and consent of…parliament… had, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws…of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases whatsoever.” a.k.a.; The American Colonies Act. 6 George III, c. 12, The Statutes at Large, ed. Danby Pickering (London, 1767), XXVII, 19 - 20.

139. March 18, 1766 Declaratory Act: “ That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; and that the King's majesty, by and with the advice and consent of…parliament… had, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws…of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases whatsoever.” a.k.a.; The American Colonies Act. 6 George III, c. 12, The Statutes at Large, ed. Danby Pickering (London, 1767), XXVII, 19 - 20.

140. March 18, 1766 Declaratory Act: “ That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; and that the King's majesty, by and with the advice and consent of…parliament… had, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws…of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases whatsoever.” a.k.a.; The American Colonies Act. 6 George III, c. 12, The Statutes at Large, ed. Danby Pickering (London, 1767), XXVII, 19 - 20.

141. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States...”

142. The U.S. Constitution authorizes TWO wholly separate and utterly distinct Forms of Government:

144.  Limited Government of delegated Powers (a Republican Form of Government [under Article IV, Section 4])

145. The U.S. Constitution authorizes TWO wholly separate and utterly distinct Forms of Government:  Limited Government of — versus — delegated Powers (a Republican Form of Government [under Article IV, Section 4])

146. The U.S. Constitution authorizes TWO wholly separate and utterly distinct Forms of Government:  Limited Government of — versus —2. Omnipotent delegated Powers Government of all powers (a Republican Form of except those prohibited Government [under (Tyranny [under Article I, Article IV, Section 4]) Section 8, Clause 17])

147. 1. Who is empowered to exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District which shall become the Seat of the Government of the United States?

148. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress shall have Power…To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District …as may…become the Seat of the Government of the United States...”

149. 2. And Congress consist of what two entities?

150. Article I, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution: “Congress…shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.”

151. 3. And the House of Representatives is composed of Members chosen by the people of what entity?

152. Article I, Section 2, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution: “The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States.”

153. 4. And the Senate is composed of Senators chosen by what entity?

154. Article I, Section 3, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution: “The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State...” 17 th Amendment : The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State...”

155. The District constituted as the Seat of Government of the United States is not a State, but was instead created out of States.

156. The District constituted as the Seat of Government of the United States elects no Senators or Representatives to Congress.

157. The District constituted as the Seat of Government of the United States is not a State guaranteed a Republican Form of Government under Article IV, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution.

158. The District constituted as the Seat of Government of the United States has no Legislative Representation for its citizens (subjects), even though Legislative Representation is the fundamental building block of these United States of America.

159. 5. So, what did the Declaration of Independence call the form of government whereby one people (suspended the legislatures of another people and then) acted with full power and authority to bind these other people in all cases whatsoever?

160. Declaration of Independence: “absolute Tyranny” “absolute Despotism” “For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.”

162. Choosing a President and Vice President Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution: “Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors…”

163. Choosing a President and Vice President Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution: “Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors…” 12 th Amendment: “The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President…” June 15, 1804

164. Choosing a President and Vice President 23 rd Amendment: Section 1. The District constituting the Seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State…” March 29, 1961

165. The U.S. Constitution authorizes TWO wholly separate and utterly distinct Forms of Government:  Limited Government of — versus —2. Omnipotent delegated Powers Government of all powers (a Republican Form of except those prohibited Government [under (Tyranny [under Article I, Article IV, Section 4]) Section 8, Clause 17])

166. The U.S. Constitution authorizes TWO wholly separate and utterly distinct Forms of Government:  Congress exercising— versus —2. Congress exercising their Delegated Powers all the Powers Ceded by (under the whole of the the respective States Constitution except Art. I:8:17) for the Seat of Government of the United States (under Article I:8:17])

167. The U.S. Constitution authorizes TWO wholly separate and utterly distinct Forms of Government: — versus —

168. 6. What is the source of authority for the federal powers found within the first pie chart, the chart of divided government powers?

169. 6. Answer: The U.S. Constitution, of course.

170. 7. What is the source of authority for the State powers found within the same pie chart?

171. 7. Answer: The respective State Constitutions and the U.S. Constitution (where pertinent).

172. 8a. With regards to the second pie chart (the pie chart showing unified government powers for the District constituted as the Seat of Government of the United States), what again is its source of authority of the federal powers?

173. 8a. Answer; For the small sliver of federal authority (even in the government seat), the answer again is the U.S. Constitution.

174. 8b. But in the second pie chart showing unified government powers, what about the large sliver, the authority ceded by the respective State governments— what is the source of that State-like authority as it now pertains to Congress which is not a State?

175. 8b. The answer is but one clause of the U.S. Constitution, the clause which empowers Congress to act "in all Cases whatsoever" without further enumeration!

176. Bank of the United States President George Washington February 25, 1791 (1 Stat. 191)

177. Bank of the United States President George Washington Article II, Section 2, Clause 1

178. Bank of the United States President George Washington Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Attorney General Edmund Randolph Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton

179. Bank of the United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson: The bank would “break down” our “most ancient and fundamental laws” which “constitute the pillars of our whole system of jurisprudence.” George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 115: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html.

180. The Supreme Court : Treason, Counterfeiting, Piracy, and Impeachments are: “the extent of power to punish crime expressly conferred. “It might be argued that the expression of these limited powers implies an exclusion of all other subjects of criminal legislation.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 535-536 (1871)

181. Bank of the United States Hamilton affirmed: “that the power of erecting a corporation is not included in any of the enumerated powers” Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 121: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html.

182. Bank of the United States Hamilton affirmed: “that the power of erecting a corporation is not included in any of the enumerated powers” Hamilton conceded: “that the power of incorporation is not expressly given to Congress,” Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 121, 136: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html.

183. Bank of the United States Hamilton affirmed: “that the power of erecting a corporation is not included in any of the enumerated powers” Hamilton conceded: “that the power of incorporation is not expressly given to Congress,” but the bank was nevertheless pivotal to his plans for a strong central government. Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 121, 136: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html.

184. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

185. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Surely it can never be believed that Congress Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

186. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Surely it can never be believed that Congress with exclusive powers of legislation in all cases whatsoever Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

187. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Surely it can never be believed that Congress with exclusive powers of legislation in all cases whatsoever, cannot erect a corporation within the district which shall become the seat of government Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

188. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Surely it can never be believed that Congress with exclusive powers of legislation in all cases whatsoever, cannot erect a corporation within the district which shall become the seat of government...And yet there is an unqualified denial Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

189. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Surely it can never be believed that Congress with exclusive powers of legislation in all cases whatsoever, cannot erect a corporation within the district which shall become the seat of government...And yet there is an unqualified denial of the power to erect corporations in every case Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

190. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Surely it can never be believed that Congress with exclusive powers of legislation in all cases whatsoever, cannot erect a corporation within the district which shall become the seat of government...And yet there is an unqualified denial of the power to erect corporations in every case on the part both of the Secretary of State and of the Attorney General.” Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

191. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Here then is express power to exercise exclusive legislation Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

192. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Here then is express power to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

193. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Here then is express power to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over certain places, Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

194. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Here then is express power to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over certain places, that is, to do in respect to those places Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

195. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Here then is express power to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over certain places, that is, to do in respect to those places all that any government whatsoever may do; Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

196. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Here then is express power to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over certain places, that is, to do in respect to those places all that any government whatsoever may do; For language does not afford a more complete designation of sovereign power than in those comprehensive terms.” Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

197. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “Here then is express power to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over certain places, that is, to do in respect to those places all that any government whatsoever may do; For language does not afford a more complete designation of sovereign power than in those comprehensive terms.” Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 137. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

198. Bank of the United States Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “As far, then, as there is an express power to do any particular act of legislation, there is an express one to erect a corporation in the case above described.” Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 138. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html

199. =

200. Discretion over Governmental Powers Article V — vs. — Article II, Section 1 Amendment Process Discretion within Delegated Powers

201. Bank of the United States - 1791 Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers, and if the measure have an obvious relation to that end, and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution, it may safely be deemed to come within the compass of the national authority.” Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 130-131: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html.

202. Bank of the United States - 1791 Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers, and if the measure have an obvious relation to that end, and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution, it may safely be deemed to come within the compass of the national authority.” Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 130-131: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html.

203. Bank of the United States - 1791 Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers, and if the measure have an obvious relation to that end, and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution, it may safely be deemed to come within the compass of the national authority.” Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 130-131: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html.

204. Bank of the United States - 1791 Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton: “If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers, and if the measure have an obvious relation to that end, and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution, it may safely be deemed to come within the compass of the national authority.” Hamilton’s Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, Series 2, Letterbook 32, Page 130-131: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries2.html.

205. All obvious measures within comprehended ends which are not forbidden, are constitutional. Alexander Hamilton; 1791 Opinion on the Constitutionality of the bank of the United States

206. The Federalist #84 "I go further, and affirm that bills of rights…are not only unnecessary in the proposed Constitution, but even be dangerous.

207. The Federalist #84 "I go further, and affirm that bills of rights…are not only unnecessary in the proposed Constitution, but even be dangerous. They would contain various exceptions to powers not granted; and, on this very account, would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than were granted.

208. The Federalist #84 "I go further, and affirm that bills of rights…are not only unnecessary in the proposed Constitution, but even be dangerous. They would contain various exceptions to powers not granted; and, on this very account, would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than were granted. For why declare that things shall not be done which there is no power to do?...it is evident that it would furnish, to men disposed to usurp, a plausible pretense for claiming the power.

209. The Federalist #84 "I go further, and affirm that bills of rights…are not only unnecessary in the proposed Constitution, but even be dangerous. They would contain various exceptions to powers not granted; and, on this very account, would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than were granted. For why declare that things shall not be done which there is no power to do?...it is evident that it would furnish, to men disposed to usurp, a plausible pretense for claiming the power. They might urge with a semblance of reason, that the Constitution ought not to be charged with the absurdity of providing against the abuse of an authority which was not given…" Alexander Hamilton

210. Civil War Greenbacks “a corporation known as the United States Bank was created…Its incorporation was a constitutional exercise of congressional power for no other reason than that it was deemed to be a convenient instrument or means of accomplishing one or more of the ends for which the government was established…Yet this court, in McCulloch v. Maryland, unanimously ruled that in authorizing the bank, Congress had not transcended its powers.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 537 (1871)

211. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.” McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 @ 421 (1819)

212. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.” McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 @ 421 (1819)

213. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.” McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 @ 421 (1819)

214. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.” McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 @ 421 (1819)

215. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.” McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 @ 421 (1819)

216. All obvious measures within comprehended ends which are not forbidden, are constitutional. Alexander Hamilton; 1791 Opinion on the Constitutionality of the bank of the United States All appropriate means to legitimate ends which are not prohibited, are constitutional. Chief Justice John Marshall: McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

217. U.S. Constitution: Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 “The Congress shall have Power…To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.”

218. U.S. Constitution: Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 “The Congress shall have Power…To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.”

219. 1 a. All obvious measures within comprehended ends which are not forbidden, are constitutional. Alexander Hamilton; 1791 Opinion on the Constitutionality of the bank of the United States 1 b. All appropriate means to legitimate ends which are not prohibited, are constitutional. Chief Justice John Marshall: McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 — versus — 2. Only means necessary and proper U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 18

220. Civil War Greenbacks “a corporation known as the United States Bank was created…Its incorporation was a constitutional exercise of congressional power for no other reason than that it was deemed to be a convenient instrument or means of accomplishing one or more of the ends for which the government was established…Yet this court, in McCulloch v. Maryland, unanimously ruled that in authorizing the bank, Congress had not transcended its powers.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 537 (1871)

221. Civil War Greenbacks “a corporation known as the United States Bank was created…Its incorporation was a constitutional exercise of congressional power for no other reason than that it was deemed to be a convenient instrument or means of accomplishing one or more of the ends for which the government was established…Yet this court, in McCulloch v. Maryland, unanimously ruled that in authorizing the bank, Congress had not transcended its powers.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 537 (1871)

222. Civil War Greenbacks “a corporation known as the United States Bank was created…Its incorporation was a constitutional exercise of congressional power for no other reason than that it was deemed to be a convenient instrument or means of accomplishing one or more of the ends for which the government was established…Yet this court, in McCulloch v. Maryland, unanimously ruled that in authorizing the bank, Congress had not transcended its powers.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 537 (1871)

223. Civil War Greenbacks “a corporation known as the United States Bank was created…Its incorporation was a constitutional exercise of congressional power for no other reason than that it was deemed to be a convenient instrument or means of accomplishing one or more of the ends for which the government was established…Yet this court, in McCulloch v. Maryland, unanimously ruled that in authorizing the bank, Congress had not transcended its powers.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 537 (1871)

224. Civil War Greenbacks “a corporation known as the United States Bank was created…Its incorporation was a constitutional exercise of congressional power for no other reason than that it was deemed to be a convenient instrument or means of accomplishing one or more of the ends for which the government was established…Yet this court, in McCulloch v. Maryland, unanimously ruled that in authorizing the bank, Congress had not transcended its powers.” The Legal Tender Cases 79 U.S. 457 @ 537 (1871)

225. 1 a. All obvious measures within comprehended ends which are not forbidden, are constitutional. Alexander Hamilton; 1791 Opinion on the Constitutionality of the bank of the United States 1 b. All appropriate means to legitimate ends which are not prohibited, are constitutional. Chief Justice John Marshall: McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 — versus — 2. Only means necessary and proper U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 18

226. =

227. The U.S. Constitution authorizes TWO wholly separate and utterly distinct Forms of Government:  Limited Government of — versus —2. Omnipotent delegated Powers Government of all powers (a Republican Form of except those prohibited Government [under (Tyranny [under Article I, Article IV, Section 4]) Section 8, Clause 17])

228. Democracy of Virtually Unlimited Discretion — versus — Constitutional Republic of Delegated Powers

229. Democracy of Virtually Unlimited Discretion — versus — Constitutional Republic of Delegated Powers Together with Necessary and Proper Means

232. April 30, 1790 crime act. Section 3: “That if any person or persons shall, within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.”

233. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.”

234. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.”

235. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.”

236. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” “Definitions: “The United States means any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States.”

237. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” “Definitions: “The United States means any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States.”

238. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” “Definitions: “The United States includes any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States.”

239. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” “Definitions: “The United States includes any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States.”

240. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” “Definitions: “The United States includes any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States.” (18 U.S.C. 13: Adopt the Laws of States for areas within Federal jurisdiction).

241. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” “Definitions: “The United States includes the district of the country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States.”

242. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” “Definitions: “The United States includes the District of Columbia.”

243. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” “Definitions: “The United States includes the District of Columbia.”

244. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” “Definitions: “The ‘United States’ includes the District of Columbia.”

245. Hypothetical 1970 crime act: “That if any person or persons shall, within the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.” “Definitions: “The ‘United States’ includes the District of Columbia.” Government by Deception through Redefinition

246. The Remedy

247. Chief Justice John Marshall: 1. The power to legislate for the district, like all other powers conferred in Article I, Section 8 upon Congress, is "conferred on Congress as the legislature of the Union.” Cohens v. Virginia 19 U.S. 264 @ 429 (1821)

248. Chief Justice John Marshall: 2. “Whether any particular law be designed to operate without the District…depends on the words of that law.” Cohens v. Virginia 19 U.S. 264 @ 429 (1821)

249. Chief Justice John Marshall: 3. “Those who contend that acts of Congress, made in pursuance of this power, do not, like acts made in pursuance of other powers, bind the nation, ought to show some safe and clear rule” which supports their contention. Cohens v. Virginia 19 U.S. 264 @ 424 (1821)

250. U.S. Constitution: Article VI, Clause 2 “This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.”

251. U.S. Constitution: Article VI, Clause 2 “This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.”

252. U.S. Constitution: Article VI, Clause 2 “This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.”

253. U.S. Constitution: Article VI, Clause 2 “This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.”

254. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Those who contend that acts of Congress, made in pursuance of this power, do not, like acts made in pursuance of other powers, bind the nation, ought to show some safe and clear rule” which supports their contention. Cohens v. Virginia 19 U.S. 264 @ 424 (1821)

255. Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: “The judicial Power shall extend to…Controversies… between a State and Citizens of another State;”

256. Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: “The judicial Power shall extend to…Controversies… between a State and Citizens of another State;” The Eleventh Amendment (1795): “The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit…prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State…”

257. Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: “The judicial Power shall extend to…Controversies… between a State…and foreign…Citizens or Subjects.”

258. Article III, Section 2, Clause 1: “The judicial Power shall extend to…Controversies… between a State…and foreign…Citizens or Subjects.” The Eleventh Amendment (1795): “The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit…prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens…or Subjects of any Foreign State.”

259. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Those who contend that acts of Congress, made in pursuance of this power, do not, like acts made in pursuance of other powers, bind the nation, ought to show some safe and clear rule” which supports their contention. Cohens v. Virginia 19 U.S. 264 @ 424 (1821)

260. The Once and For All Amendment:

261. “The exclusive legislation power of the Congress of the United States

262. The Once and For All Amendment: “The exclusive legislation power of the Congress of the United States under the seventeenth Clause of the eighth Section of the first Article of the Constitution for the United States of America

263. The Once and For All Amendment: “The exclusive legislation power of the Congress of the United States under the seventeenth Clause of the eighth Section of the first Article of the Constitution for the United States of America shall not be construed

264. The Once and For All Amendment: “The exclusive legislation power of the Congress of the United States under the seventeenth Clause of the eighth Section of the first Article of the Constitution for the United States of America shall not be construed to be any part of the supreme Law of the Land

265. The Once and For All Amendment: “The exclusive legislation power of the Congress of the United States under the seventeenth Clause of the eighth Section of the first Article of the Constitution for the United States of America shall not be construed to be any part of the supreme Law of the Land within the meaning of second Clause of the sixth Article of the said Constitution.

266. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Those who contend that acts of Congress, made in pursuance of this power, do not, like acts made in pursuance of other powers, bind the nation, ought to show some safe and clear rule” which supports their contention. Cohens v. Virginia 19 U.S. 264 @ 424 (1821)

267. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Those who contend that acts of Congress, made in pursuance of this power, do not, like acts made in pursuance of other powers, bind the nation, ought to show some safe and clear rule” which supports their contention. Cohens v. Virginia 19 U.S. 264 @ 424 (1821)

268. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Those who contend that acts of Congress, made in pursuance of this power, do not, like acts made in pursuance of other powers, bind the nation, ought to show some safe and clear rule” which supports their contention. Cohens v. Virginia 19 U.S. 264 @ 424 (1821)

269. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Those who contend that acts of Congress, made in pursuance of this power, do not, like acts made in pursuance of other powers, bind the nation, ought to show some safe and clear rule” which supports their contention. Cohens v. Virginia 19 U.S. 264 @ 424 (1821)

270. Chief Justice John Marshall: “Those who contend that acts of Congress, made in pursuance of this power, do not, like acts made in pursuance of other powers, bind the nation, ought to show some safe and clear rule” which supports their contention. Cohens v. Virginia 19 U.S. 264 @ 424 (1821)

271. 1 a. All obvious measures within comprehended ends which are not forbidden, are constitutional. Alexander Hamilton; 1791 Opinion on the Constitutionality of the bank of the United States 1 b. All appropriate means to legitimate ends which are not prohibited, are constitutional. Chief Justice John Marshall: McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 — versus — 2. Only means necessary and proper U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 18

272. Democracy of Virtually Unlimited Discretion — versus — Constitutional Republic of Delegated Powers Together with Necessary and Proper Means

273. Omnipotent Government — versus — Limited Government

274. Tyranny — versus — Liberty

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