1. Space Management System
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Good Drivers Develop a Space Management System
S earch
E valuate
E xecute
i n
T ime
T-3.20a

2. Searching Identifying high risk situations Gaining information
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Identifying high risk situations
Effective searching techniques
Having time to identify hazards
Keeping stable scanning eye movements
Getting a large view of the roadway
Establishing a line of sight and path of travel position
Gaining information
Effectively managing space
Looking for changing areas
Looking for open areas
Looking for closed areas
T – 3.21

3. RECOGNIZING high risk situations
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Evaluating
RECOGNIZING high risk situations
Potential and Critical Hazards
Collision Potential
Intersections
Curves
Position Adjustments
Speed Adjustments
Reduced Line of Sight
T – 3.22

4. Controlled/threshold braking Progressive acceleration
Evaluating
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Decision-making
Preventing high risk situations
Maintain open LOS and POT & proper lane position
Manage time and space
Controlling high risk situations
Maintain an open line of sight (LOS) and path of travel (POT)
Motion control
Controlled/threshold braking
Progressive acceleration
Steering control
Hand-to-hand
Evasive action
T – 3.23

5. Executing in response to Speed changes Lane position changes
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Executing
Speed changes
Lane position changes
Space control
in response to
risk or danger
traffic conditions
roadway conditions
vehicle balance
T – 3.24

6. Second Space Provides More Options
Evaluate/Execute
Topic 3 Lesson 1
Steer Right
Wrong Decision
Indecision 4
Second Space Provides More Options
Steer left to open space
Correct Decision
LP 4
T – 3.25

7. Basic Lane Positions to Center, Left & Right
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Lane Position One
Lane Position Two
Lane Position Three
allows for 3 feet on each side when vehicle is centered in the lane.
allows for 6 feet of space to the left of the vehicle for the avoidance of a potential problem to the left or to prepare for right turn.
allows for 6 feet of space to the right of the vehicle to avoid a potential problem in the area to the right or to prepare for a left turn.
3 feet
6 feet
6 feet
3 feet
12' wide traffic lane.
T – 3.26

8. Approach to Intersection
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Approach to Intersection
Step 1 (Search)
Identify Intersection
Identify Controls
Check Rear Areas
Search for Intersection Risks
Step 2 (Evaluate)
Scan Open Side Areas First
Scan Closed Side Areas
Look for Closed or Changing Frontal Areas
Step 3 (Execute)
Adjust Speed
Maintain Lane Position or Stop Behind Crosswalk
Proceed Through Open Space Area or Stop Behind the Crosswalk
T – 3.28

9. Approach to Intersection
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Step 1 (Search)
Identify the intersection.
- Determine the type of intersection and number of intersecting roadways.
- Determine your lane position (right turn/left turn/straight) prior to the intersection.
Identify any controls--signal lights, stop or yield signs and information signs. This will provide you with the information you need to adjust speed or position.
Check rear areas. Check if rear zones are open or closed. If the rear zone is closed, tap your brakes a few times before stopping— the brake lights will flash and communicate to the driver to the rear that you are slowing or stopping.
T – 3.28a

10. Approach to Intersection
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Step 1 (Search) continued
Search for possible intersection problems. Look for problem areas, such as construction or road maintenance, pedestrians on or near the intersection, or obstructions to your line of sight that may include buildings, parked vehicles, trees, fences, etc.
Adjust speed. Intersections are unpredictable and you may have to stop. Be prepared. The closer you get to an intersection, the more important it is to adjust vehicle speed.
Adjust lane position. Choosing the proper position (LP 1, 2, or 3) will lower the risk of possible conflicts by providing you the maximum amount of space between your vehicle and other vehicles.
T – 3.28b

11. Approach to Intersection
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Step 2 (Evaluate)
Scan open side areas first. Try to position your vehicle in an open zone with a clear line-of-sight to your path-of-travel. Be prepared to stop for a closed zone or line-of-sight restriction in your path-of-travel.
Scan closed or changing areas. Identifying closed zones early will allow you to prepare. The greatest chance for conflict is in areas where vehicles may cross directly into your intended path-of-travel.
Look for closed or changing frontal areas. A closed front zone occurs when there is a yellow or red traffic light, yield or stop sign, or anything moving into your intended path of travel.
T – 3.28c

12. Approach to Intersection
Topic 3 Lesson 2
Approach to Intersection
Step 3 (Execute)
Adjust speed. If you have identified a closed zone, prepare to reduce speed or stop.
Maintain lane position. Your lane position (LP 1, 2, or 3) will indicate your intentions to other drivers and provide you with the greatest distance between opposing vehicles and/or other objects.
Stop behind stop line, crosswalk, or before entry to intersections, when needed — proceed through open space area when traffic controls permit and your path-of travel is clear.
Note: Most crashes occur in intersections!
T – 3.28 d

13. (Empower Yourself (1999) F.R. Mottola)
Good Driving Habits
Topic 4 Lesson 1
Habit Level
Practice safe driving procedures that require little thought
Judgment Level
Have a well thought out strategy for managing time and space
Become efficient and precise
Respond correctly with the least amount of time
Process Level
Search for problems
Evaluate options
Execute decisions
Modify speed and/or position
Communicate to reduce the risk of collision
(Empower Yourself (1999) F.R. Mottola)
T – 3.29

14. Levels of Performance Awareness Level Performance Level Habit Judgment
Topic 4 Lesson 1
Driver
Driver
Awareness Level
Performance Level
Habit
Judgment
Acceptable
Unacceptable
Based on Mottola, F. R. (1999) Empower Yourself, p. 1
T – 3.30

15. Topic 4 Lesson 1
The Top Ten Errors
that resulted in crashes involving teen drivers are: 1.
23.9%
not attending to the path of travel
(distractions – cell phone, sound system, passengers, etc.) 2.
13.7%
driving five or more mph too fast for conditions 3.
6.6%
driving too fast through a curve 4.
6.3%
inadequate search at an intersection and moving in front of cross traffic 5.
6.1%
lack of attention at an intersection and being struck by another driver
Preliminary TRB Report 1999
T – 3.31

16. Topic 4 Lesson 1
The Top Ten Errors
that resulted in crashes involving teen drivers are: 6.
6.5%
improper evasive action—quick turn not executed properly or braking instead of steering 7.
3.9%
failed to maintain visual lead 8.
failed to see action developing at side of the roadway 9.
following too closely
10.
3.3%
willfully taking right-of-way
Preliminary TRB Report 1999
T – 3.32

17. Developing Good Driving Habits
Topic 4 Lesson 2
Developing Good Driving Habits
Preparing Driver and Vehicle
Smooth, Gradual Starts and Stops
Using Reference Points for Vehicle Placement
Getting Visual Targets before Movement
- Using a Vision Control, Motion Control, Targeting, and Steering Control Sequence
Visually Targeting the End of the Path of Travel as far as 15, 20, or 30 seconds from the Vehicle C+ A+
Based on concepts from Mottola, F. R. (1999). Empower Yourself. p. 5
T – 3.33

18. Developing Good Driving Habits
Topic 4 Lesson 2
Developing Good Driving Habits
Be Alert to Changes to the Line of Sight (LOS) or the Path of Travel (POT)
Adjust Speed and Lane Position to Increase Space to Front, Side, or Rear for Restricted LOS-POT
When Approaching a Red Light, Adjust Speed to Time Your Arrival for a Green Light C+ A+
Based on concepts from Mottola, F. R. (1999). Empower Yourself. p. 5
T – 3.34

19. Developing Good Driving Habits
Topic 4 Lesson 2
Developing Good Driving Habits
Prior to Intersection Entry, Check the Left, Front, and Right Zones or Areas
- Check the area that can be viewed best first so that more time can be focused on the obstructed area
Whenever Your Foot Goes to Brake or Accelerator, Check the Rear View Mirror
Prior to Moving to the Left or Right, Check Side View Mirror and Mirror Blind Zone C+ A+
Based on concepts from Mottola, F. R. (1999). Empower Yourself. p. 5
T – 3.35

20. Developing Good Driving Habits
Topic 4 Lesson 2
Developing Good Driving Habits
Make it a goal to maintain a four-second following interval from the vehicle in front and to the rear.
- This protects you from the unexpected actions of other drivers to the front and rear.
When stopped behind vehicle, leave space to move around the vehicle in case of an emergency.
Reduce stress by being courteous rather than competitive while driving. Competitive drivers are not winners. C+ A+
Based on concepts from Mottola, F. R. (1999). Empower Yourself. p. 5
T – 3.36

21. Virginia Department of Education
Module Four Transparencies
Basic Maneuvering Tasks:
Moderate Risk Driving Environment
Topic 1 -- Risk
Topic 2 -- Space Management System
Topic 3 -- Lane Changes
Topic 4 -- Turnabouts
Topic 5 -- Parking
Provided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles

22. Risk is the Chance of Injury, Damage, or Loss
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Risk
Risk is the Chance of Injury, Damage, or Loss
Injury, Damage, or Loss Usually Are the Consequences of a Crash
Every driver accepts a certain level of risk when driving a vehicle.
A driver must manage risk in order to avoid conflict.
T – 4.1

23. Risk Assessment Elements of Risk are: Risk Assessment Risk Acceptance
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Risk Assessment
Elements of Risk are:
Risk Assessment
Risk Acceptance
Risk Compensation
Unfortunately, drivers often create high risk situations.
T – 4.2

24. Risk Risk Assessment Involves: Recognizing increased risk situations
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Risk
Risk Assessment Involves:
Recognizing increased risk situations
-Speeding Following Too Closely
-Failure to Yield Improper Turns
-DUI Lack of Safety belt use
Understanding the consequences of increased risk situations
Considering your options and the consequences of your choices
T – 4.3

25. Risk Risk Acceptance: Knowledge can help you reduce risk!
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Risk
Risk Acceptance:
There is always a certain amount of risk involved in the driving task.
How much risk is acceptable?
Evaluate Consequences of Taking Risks (Penalty, Damage, Injury or Death)
Knowledge can help you reduce risk!
Having good seeing habits and your ability to manage space on the roadway are essential ingredients for low-risk driving.
To minimize risk, drivers need time, space & visibility to execute a maneuver.
T – 4.4

26. Risk Assessment Adjust Speed to Reduce Risk
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Risk Compensation -- Recognizing potential risk or limitations and making appropriate adjustments
Example taken from Module 3 Topic 3 Lesson RECOGNIZING high risk situations.
Adjust Speed to Reduce Risk
Adjust Lane Position to Reduce Risk
Use Appropriate Communication to Reduce Risk
T – 4.5

27. Three principles for reducing risks
Reduced Risk Driving
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Three principles for reducing risks
Never risk more than you can afford to lose
Do not risk large consequences for a small reward
Consider the odds and your situation
T – 4.5a

28. Reducing Driving Risk
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Good decision-making is essential to reducing driving risks.
A driver in city traffic makes decisions per mile.
Your hands and feet can only do what your brain tells them to do.
Developing good procedures for decision making:
Observation skills
Experiences
Developing good habits
T – 4.6

29. Reducing Driving Risk
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Work towards developing the best risk- reducing procedures and safe-driving habits.
Habits are difficult to change.
A space management system helps you to develop good driving habits.
T – 4.7

30. Topic 1 Lesson 2
Reducing Driving Risk
Guided practice is key to developing sound habits and judgments
Get extensive practice on all basic driving procedures
Use a space management and targeting system
Good habits and judgment
often deteriorate over time
Complacency
Most novice drivers rate
themselves as “good” drivers
There may be no negative results from negative behavior
T – 4.8

31. PREVENTION Risk Reduction Goals
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Risk Reduction Goals
Make every driving sequence an efficient driving sequence.
Use processing skills to make accurate judgments.
Develop sound procedures for all maneuvers.
PREVENTION
T – 4.10

32. Space Management System
Topic 2 Lesson 1
Space Management Steps:
Search – Search the entire scene for anything that might cross your path of travel.
Evaluate -- Give meaning to what you have observed.
Determine an alternate path of travel or change in vehicle position.
Determine proper speed.
Execute -- Carry out any alternative action needed to minimize risk.
In Time...
T – 4.11

33. System Components
Topic 2 Lesson 1
Recognize Changes in the Line of Sight or Path of Travel
To Reduce Risk
Adjust Speed
Adjust Lane Position
T – 4.12

34. Vehicle Operating Space
Topic 2 Lesson 1
There are seven basic areas of operating space for a vehicle. Six of the space areas (zones) are around your vehicle, and the seventh, or central space, is the space your vehicle occupies.
T – 4.12 a

35. Vehicle Operating Zones
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Vehicle Operating Zones
Vehicle Operating Space
To assist you in learning zones and their purposes we have colored and numbered each for easy identification.
Right-Front Zone
(Maroon)
Right-Rear Zone
(White) 5 3
Central Space Area
Front Zone
(Yellow)
Rear Zone
(Blue) 1 6
Left-Rear Zone
(Red)
Left-Front Zone
(Green) 2 4
Direction of Travel
A zone refers to one of the six spaces around your vehicle. It is the width of a traffic lane and extends as far as you can see. A zone has three characteristics, it can be OPEN, CLOSED or CHANGING.
T – 4.13

36. Managing Zones Evaluating Your Alternatives Closed ZONE Changing ZONE
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Managing Zones
Evaluating Your Alternatives
Closed
ZONE
Central Space Area
Changing ZONE
Check Rear
Open
ZONE
Check Side
Move Here
Direction of Travel
OPEN — a zone that has no restrictions to the line of sight or path of travel.
CLOSED — a zone not available for the vehicle’s path of travel or an area that has a restriction to the driver's line of sight.
CHANGING — an open zone that may change to a closed zone.
T – 4.14

37. Space Management Basics
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Searching :
Where to Look
What to Look for
How to Evaluate
Evaluating Conditions:
Risk Potential of a Closed or Changing Areas
Versus
Risk Potential of Alternative Areas
T – 4.15

38. Space Management Basics
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Where to look
The area outlined in blue represents your field of vision extending from THE DRIVER to the intended target area.
Path of Travel
Proper search and actions consists of the:
4 to 8-second range — Immediate Action Required
12 to 15-second range —Allows for Escape Routes
20 to 30 second range to the target area — Safe and open path of travel
T – 4.15a

39. Space Management Basics
Topic 2 Lesson 3
What to Look for
Path of Travel
A driver must constantly search for potential risks and determine consequences.
T – 4.15b

40. Space Management Basics
Topic 2 Lesson 3
How to Evaluate
Path of Travel
Will the motorcyclist enter your path of travel?
How can the driver of the red vehicle reduce risks?
T – 4.15c

41. Space Management Basics
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Executing Decisions:
Change speed while maintaining vehicle balance
Change position while maintaining vehicle balance
Risk Reduction:
Control the Target Area, Line of Sight and Path of Travel by:
speed changes;
position changes; and
effective communication.
What is the best decision and action for the driver of the RED car?
T – 4.16

42. Space Management Basics
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Open, Closed, or Changing Zones
A red traffic signal is …
A parked car to your right is …
A bicyclist to your right is …
A vehicle in your left mirror blind area is …
A motorcycle in your right mirror blind area is …
A large truck following closely behind is …
T – 4.17