Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems

Name: Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems
Uploaded: 2017-08-11T07:12:04+00:00
Duration: PTM34S50
Channel: Brittney Gibson
Description: Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems

Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems
6 CHAPTER Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

Too Much of a Good Thing? Elephant populations in southern Africa declined sharply due to hunting but have made overwhelming comebacks within nature reserves and parks. Some worry that elephant overpopulation is causing a decline in local biodiversity and damage to farms and infrastructure. Many efforts to control elephant populations are being considered and put into practice. Talk About It Which elephant population control effort— moving them, sterilizing them, or culling them—do you think has the best chance for long-term, positive effects?

Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes
Fossil evidence suggests that the frozen continent of Antarctica was once covered in temperate forest.

What is a Biome? Climate plant Animal
Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes What is a Biome? Groups of terrestrial ecosystems that share biotic and abiotic conditions Biomes are primarily defined by their _______________ & typical ____________ & _____________ life. Climate plant Animal

Climate Average temperature precipitation Day-to-day
Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Climate Average Climate – describes the ______________ conditions, including _________________ & __________________ over long periods in a given area. Weather - _____________ conditions in Earth’s atmosphere Ex. Sunny & Humid temperature precipitation Day-to-day

Climate Climatograph – climate diagram that shows conditions in a biome (temperature & precipitation). Temperature is usually in _____________ F = 1.8C + 32 Precipitation is usually in cm or mm. 1 inch = 2.54cm 1 inch = 25.4 mm Celsius

Climate organisms Soil type elevation Wind exposure
Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Climate Each biome has a set of characteristic _________________ adapted to its particular climate conditions. However, within any biome there is a variety of plants and animals due to variation in ______________, ______________ & ___________________ organisms Soil type elevation Wind exposure

Earth’s Major Biomes

Earth’s Major Biomes latitudes
Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Earth’s Major Biomes Patches representing the same biome tend to occur at similar _______________ 10 primary biomes: tropical rain forest dry forest savanna desert chaparral temperate rain forest temperate forest temperate grassland boreal forest (taiga) tundra latitudes

Biomes and Net Primary Production
Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Biomes and Net Primary Production gross ___________ primary production: The rate at which primary producers undergo photosynthesis and produce usable energy ______ primary production: The amount of organic matter (biomass) that remains after primary producers use some to carry out cellular respiration net

Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Biomes and Net Primary Production Ecosystems vary in their net primary productivity. _______ _______ biomes generally have ____________net primary productivity than ________ _______ biomes. This should make sense because plants require _______________, ____________ & warm enough temperatures to grow. Warm, wet higher Cold, dry sunlight water

Lesson 6.1 Defining Biomes Biomes and Net Primary Production

Tundra, found at very high latitudes, is nearly as dry as a desert.
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tundra, found at very high latitudes, is nearly as dry as a desert.

Tropical Rain Forest Warm 2m (6.6 feet) 12 hours Nutrient poor
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Rain Forest Warm Year-round _________ temperatures and at least _____________ precipitation a year Near the equator, so the days are almost always ____________ in length. Soil is generally ____________________ 2m (6.6 feet) 12 hours Nutrient poor

Tropical Rain Forest Emergent layer canopy understory Large, flat
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Rain Forest The tallest trees pop through the canopy and make up the ___________________ Tall trees form a dense layer called the ______________ which keeps the forest warm and damp. Short trees and plants make up the _________________ and must compete for light. _________________leaves are a common adaptation to increase sunlight intake. Emergent layer canopy understory Large, flat

Tropical Rain Forest Epiphytes Buttresses wind ADAPTATIONS
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Rain Forest ADAPTATIONS _______________ - plants that grow on other plants instead of the soil. Ex. Orchids Tall trees use ________________ (large above ground roots) for support Because there is not much _______ to assist with pollination, plants have adapted bright, colorful flowers to attract pollinators. Epiphytes Buttresses wind

Tropical Rain Forest more specialized
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Rain Forest more Supports ________ animal species than any other biome; animals tend to be highly ________________. specialized

Tropical Dry Forest rainy dry
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Dry Forest Warm year-round, but rainfall is highly seasonal with a ________ & ________ season. rainy dry

Tropical Dry Forest deciduous Water loss estivation ADAPTATIONS
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Dry Forest ADAPTATIONS Most trees are _______________ - they lose their leaves and cease photosynthesis part of the year. This helps reduce _________________. Plants and animals exhibit adaptations (e.g. waxy leaf coating, deep roots, estivation, migration) that enable them to survive the dry season. ________________ - animals enter a deep, sleeplike period of dormancy. deciduous Water loss estivation

Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tropical Dry Forest estivation

Lesson 6.2 Biomes Savanna Less Receives _______ precipitation than tropical dry forests, but more than deserts; usually has a distinct ________ season rainy

Savanna Grasses winds fires
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Savanna Grasses ______________ interspersed with groups of trees Tree growth limited by frequent __________ and strong _________ winds fires

Savanna deciduous waxy migrate ADAPTATIONS
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Savanna ADAPTATIONS Plants are adapted to dry conditions; tend to be ________________ with deep roots, thick bark, and __________ coatings on leaves. Elephants drink gallons of water a day and so they must dig for water with their tusks. Many animals _____________ to find water, or burrow when water is scarce. deciduous waxy migrate

Desert driest day night
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Desert Receives less than 25 cm (9.8 in.) of precipitation per year (____________ biome) Temperatures vary widely from _______ to ___________. driest day night

Desert thick succulents 164 spines ADAPTATIONS
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Desert Did You Know? Cactus spines are modified leaves that protect the plant from thirsty animals. Photosynthesis occurs within the green stems and trunks. ADAPTATIONS Plants tend to have __________, leathery leaves Plants store water in their tissues (_________________) Ex. Aloe Some have shallow, spread out roots to gather water. Some have deep tap roots (up to _____ ft) Tough ____________ (modified leaves) discourage predators from eating them . thick succulents 164 spines

Desert food nocturnal urine appendages
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Desert Animals get most of their water from the _________ they eat, and they tend to be _______________ (active at night). Some have concentrated ________. Mammals have exaggerated ___________________ to help regulate body temperature. food nocturnal urine appendages

Pacific northwest of the us
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate Rain Forest moderate Year-round _____________ temperatures and heavy ____________. Largest extent found in ____________________________ rainfall Pacific northwest of the us

Temperate Rain Forest evergreen moss ADAPTATIONS
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate Rain Forest ADAPTATIONS Characterized by tall _________________ trees, such as cedars and hemlocks, that don’t lose leaves annually; many are conifers (produce seed-bearing cones) evergreen Forest floor is shaded, damp, covered in ________. moss Olympic Peninsula, Hoh River rain forest

Temperate Rain Forest moisture varied
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate Rain Forest moisture Animals that require ______________, such as amphibians, thrive here. Squirrels, deer, elk and birds have a __________ diet which enables them to eat whatever food is available. varied

Temperate (Deciduous) Forest
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate (Deciduous) Forest Precipitation ______________________throughout the year Varied temperatures (________ summers, _______ winters) Evenly spread hot cold

Temperate Forest deciduous nutrients ADAPTATIONS
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate Forest ADAPTATIONS Plants tend to be broad-leafed and _______________. Soil is enriched with ______________ from annual leaf drop. deciduous nutrients

Temperate Forest migrate hibernate Store food Camouflage ADAPTATIONS
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Temperate Forest ADAPTATIONS Animals may _____________ or ______________ Others ________________ to survive cold conditions. __________________ helps animals that are exposed during the winter due to lack of foliage survive. migrate hibernate Store food Camouflage

Temperate Grassland (Prairie)
Lesson 2.2 Biomes Temperate Grassland (Prairie) precipitation Moderate seasonal ___________________ and fairly extreme seasonal ____________________; droughts and fires common Rich, fertile soil temperatures

Lesson 2.2 Biomes Temperate Grassland (Prairie) ADAPTATIONS Not enough precipitation to support large ____________ ______________, which grow from their base, thrive despite droughts, fires, animals grazing. Seeds are dispersed by the ____________________ Soil tends to be rich in nutrients; most of world’s grasslands have been converted to ______________. trees grasses Strong winds farmland

Lesson 2.2 Biomes Temperate Grassland (Prairie) cover Animals are adapted to deal with lack of _________. Some survive by _________________. Others survive by being _________. burrowing huge

Chaparral (Mediterranean)
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Chaparral (Mediterranean) Mild, wet Highly seasonal conditions with _______________ winters and _______________ summers Prolonged hot, dry periods; ________________________ common Soil is thin and not rich in nutrients Warm, dry Droughts and fires

Chaparral hairs leaves succulents Bark roots Fire oily ADAPTATIONS
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Chaparral ADAPTATIONS Plants are drought-resistant; many have thick, waxy __________ or leaves with __________ that trap moisture; _________________ are common. Plants may have thick __________ and deep __________ to resist fire. Some plants require __________ to germinate. Some chaparral plants contain ________ compounds that facilitate the spread of fire. leaves hairs succulents Bark roots Fire oily

Chaparral burrow oversized Many animals _____________.
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Chaparral burrow Many animals _____________. Many are nocturnal to avoid heat. Many have ________________ appendages. oversized

Boreal Forest (Taiga) Long, cold Short, cool
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Boreal Forest (Taiga) Long, cold Short, cool _________________ winters; _________________ summers Nutrient-poor, slightly acidic soils

Boreal Forest (Taiga) low waxy conical ADAPTATIONS
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Boreal Forest (Taiga) ADAPTATIONS _________ species diversity Coniferous trees with __________ needles and _____________ shape, adapted to harsh, snowy conditions are common. low waxy conical

Boreal Forest (Taiga) warm White coats
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Boreal Forest (Taiga) Animals feed, breed, and care for young mostly during short _________ season Year-round residents tend to have thick insulation and small extremities that maintain heat. Some animals change color. They grow _______________ for the snowy season. warm White coats

Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tundra Cold, dark Extremely ________________ winters; relatively sunny and cool summers Found at very __________ latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere high

Tundra winds permafrost Year-round
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tundra winds Harsh _________, nutrient-poor soil, and freezing temperatures limit plant growth; no tall trees; mosses and lichens common Characterized by __________________ (underground soil that is frozen ___________________) permafrost Year-round

Tundra Mosses lichens caribou ADAPTATIONS
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Tundra ADAPTATIONS Low, scrubby vegetation and ground-hugging ______________ & _____________ live here. Birds and ______________ migrate to the tundra during the mild summer to feed on insects and lichens Only a few species live here year-round (including musk oxen and polar bears). Mosses lichens caribou

Nototheniod – antifreeze proteins
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Polar Ice Not classified as a biome No land under polar ice in Northern Hemisphere; ice sits atop Antarctica in Southern Hemisphere Very few plants; most life is in surrounding ocean Nototheniod – antifreeze proteins

Mountains elevation Not classified as a biome
Lesson 6.2 Biomes Mountains Not classified as a biome Mountain communities change with _______________, similar to how biome communities change with latitude. elevation

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
75% of Earth’s surface is covered by water.

Describing Aquatic Ecosystems
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Describing Aquatic Ecosystems Normally, biomes are used to describe ___________________ environments but 75% of Earth is covered in water. Aquatic Ecosystems are described by their ______________, _____________ and movement of water. Terrestrial salinity depth

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Describing Aquatic Ecosystems Salinity: the amount of dissolved ______ present in water. Measured in parts per thousand (ppt) Salt water = _________ppt Fresh water = 0.5ppt or less Brackish = Between __________ppt salt 30-50 0.5 to 30

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Describing Aquatic Ecosystems light Photosynthesis tends to be limited by _________ availability, which is a function of depth and water clarity.

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Describing Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic ecosystem zones: photic, aphotic, benthic Photic zone: Where there is enough light for ______________________. Aphotic zone: Photosynthesis cannot occur because there is not enough sunlight Benthic zone: Very ____________ of the body of water photosynthesis Bottom

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Describing Aquatic Ecosystems The photic zone has much more dissolved ____________, so more life is found here (both producers and consumers). Sunlight also causes water to be _____________ ______________ layers of aquatic ecosystems tend to be warmer than _____________ layers oxygen warmer upper deeper

Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas Salinity is less than 0.5 ppt (parts per thousand) Includes _______________________________________ Ponds and lakes are similar, except in ______ Inland seas are huge and contain organisms adapted for _________ water Ex. Great Lakes and The Caspian Sea Ponds, lake and inland seas size open

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas Ponds and lakes are divided horizontally into 2 zones: littoral and limnetic. Littoral Zone – water is ______________ enough for plants to grow from the mud to above the water’s surface Includes many invertebrates like ____________________ Limnetic Zone – ____________from shore where there are no rooted plants shallow Snails & Crayfish farther

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes, Inland Seas

Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands flooded Wetland - Area of land _______________ with water at least _________________________ Includes freshwater ________________________________________________ Water can either ______________________ through wetlands or into other bodies of water or, it can remain _____________ Part of the year Marshes, swamps, bogs & fens Flow Slowly year-round

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands Freshwater Marsh – shallow-water wetland characterized by ________________ plants. Ex. Cattails and Bulrushes grasslike

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands Swamp – shallow water wetland characterized by woody ______________________ instead of grasses. Ex. Cypress Trees _____________ cause the formation of swamps by building __________ across streams and causing flooding upstream. Shrubs & Trees beavers dams

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands Bog – wetland characterized by low nutrients, acidic water and thick floating mats of vegetation (usually ________) Fen – connected to a source of ___________________, less acidic and more nutrient rich Moss groundwater

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands Benefits of Wetlands They help prevent ______________ by absorbing excess water Recharge ________________ Filter _________________ & __________________ Provide habitats for many _________________ flooding aquifers Pollutants sediments Animals

Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams Bodies of surface water that flow _______________, eventually reaching an ocean or a landlocked body of water _____________ - a small river flowing into a larger one _________________: The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries downhill Tributary Watershed

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams landscape Rivers shape the ________________ through which they run. The ___________ or beginning of ________ rivers is high in the mountains where melting snow collects due to ____________ Characteristics of the source _____________ _________________________ _____________________________________ source most Gravity cold Full of oxygen Few organisms Cuts a deep, straight path

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams Characteristics of a river as it leaves its source. ___________________ Warmer slower More organisms Less oxygen meanders Can create an oxbow lake

Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers and Streams Flood plain _________________– area near a river’s course that is periodically flooded __________ – where the river empties mouth

Estuaries ocean brackish The great lakes freshwater
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries ocean Occur where a river flows into the _________ or a freshwater body of water Coastal estuaries are _______________ ecosystems; organisms must tolerate wide salinity and temperature ranges. Some estuaries (like the _______________________) contain only __________________. brackish The great lakes freshwater

Estuaries Salt marshes Mangrove forest
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries Two types of estuary ecosystems: ____________________ – along coasts at temperate latitudes Characterized by salt-tolerant grasses ________________________– along coasts at subtropical and tropical latitudes Include mangrove trees Salt marshes Mangrove forest

Estuaries Soil erosion flooding land sea animals
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries Benefits of Estuaries: Prevent __________________ & __________________ Protective barrier between ________ & __________ Home to many ______________, some which are commercially beneficial Destruction of Estuaries: Many are being destroyed for housing and commerce Flooding from Katrina was significantly worse where the salt marshes had been destroyed Soil erosion flooding land sea animals

Oceans 71% All of the Earth’s major oceans combined occupy _______ of the Earth’s surface. If we evaporated all of the water from the oceans, there would be a layer of salt approximately ___________ deep left. 200 feet

Oceans Water temperature Density differences decreases Increases
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Oceans Water temperature Currents are driven by ___________________________ and ____________________________, wind, and gravity. Water density increases as temperature _______________ and salinity (salt content) _________________. Heavier (________________________) water sinks Lighter (_________________________________) water remains near the surface. Density differences decreases Increases Colder & saltier Warmer & less salty

Oceans

Oceans vertical Upwelling diverge downwelling converge
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Oceans vertical Surface winds and heating generate _______________ currents that transport nutrients and oxygen. __________________ - the flow of cold, nutrient rich water towards the surface. It occurs when horizontal currents _______________ (flow apart). ____________________ - the flow of warm water, full of dissolved gases away from the surface, into the deep ocean. It occurs when horizontal ocean currents ________________ (flow together). Upwelling diverge downwelling converge

Ocean Ecosystems

Ocean Ecosystems intertidal
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems intertidal ______________: Highly diverse; extreme range of temperature, moisture, and salinity.

Ocean Ecosystems Neritic Continental shelf Kelp forest Coral reef
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems Neritic ___________: Extends from the low tide mark to the edge of the ____________________________. Two productive ecosystems exist here: ________________ - large brown algae grows from the continental shelf. ________________ - Exists in subtropical and tropical waters. A mass of ____________________________ composed of ______________ of marine coral. Continental shelf Kelp forest Coral reef Calcium carbonate skeletons

Ocean Ecosystems continental 90% Light penetration phytoplankton
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems continental Open ocean: Begins at the edge of the ___________________ shelf Makes up _______ of the Earth’s oceans Low productivity due to low ___________________________ ______________________ are at base of food chain Includes jelly fish, whales, sea turtles, squids, large fish & sharks. 90% Light penetration phytoplankton

Ocean Ecosystems Scavenge carcasses Bioluminescence
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems In the aphotic open-ocean, animals have many adaptations to help them survive. Ex. ______________________________ Ex. ________________________ - sometimes a symbiotic relationship with bacteria Scavenge carcasses Bioluminescence

Ocean Ecosystems

Ocean Ecosystems hydrothermal chemosynthesis tubeworms
Lesson 6.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems hydrothermal Benthic Ecosystems around _______________________ vents (hot water flows out from the sea floor) are home to come strange organisms. Bacteria use chemicals to make energy (AKA ________________________) Other organisms like ___________________ are in a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria and survive using the energy they make. chemosynthesis tubeworms

Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback