1. Think about your computer
applications
Surfing the web
Creating reports
Analyzing data
Storing information
Making presentation
IT Fundamentals

2. Think about behind your computer
Loading and running programs
Coordinating networks
Organizing files
Protecting from virus
Performing periodic maintenance
Controlling hardware devices
IT Fundamentals

3. Think about “what if”s
New application programs can not run on current system
Get a computer virus
Hard disk fails
A new video camera can not store and edit image on our computer
Start and run slower and slower
IT Fundamentals

4. Software
Software, also called a program, is a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it.
Two general categories :
System Software (Operating System)
    a set of programs that interacts directly with hardware
(eg: Windows)
Application Software:
programs such as Word, Excel and Access
these use OS for disk read/writes, display on screen etc.
IT Fundamentals

5. Categories of Software
IT Fundamentals

6. System Software
Difference between system software and application software
3 basic functions of any operating system
3 categories of operating system
Purpose of utilities and utility suites
5 most essential utilities
Define device drivers
Language translators
IT Fundamentals

7. System Software Handle the majority of technical details
Where to store in memory
How commands convert
Where a document or file is saved
How the output is printed
Consist of 4 kinds of programs
Operating systems
Utilities
Device drivers
Language translators
IT Fundamentals

8. System Software 1.1 BIOS (basic input/output system)
  Is stored in the ROM chip
  Contains the computer's startup instructions
1.2 Operating System  (OS)
A series of programs to perform certain functions.
Low level functions loaded on boot-up:
read/write disks
allocate memory to programs
network communications
input/output support (eg:device drivers)
system security 
Higher level functions usually separate programs (utilities):
provide initial user interface
Disk/file management
Monitor system performance
editor
Network administration
IT Fundamentals

9. Operating systems Every computer has an operating system
3 basic functions of operating system
Managing resources
Keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor, storage devices, memory
Providing a user interface
GUI: graphical user interface
Running applications
Multitasking: run more than one application at a time
IT Fundamentals

10. System Software IT Fundamentals User interface Manage programs
Start the computer
Manage memory
Manage
security
Administer
security
Control network
Monitor performance
Schedule jobs and configure devices
Access the web
IT Fundamentals

11. System Software Starting up an OS is called BOOTING-UP
Steps in booting up: 
Turn on the computer. Power supply sends electrical signals to all parts of the computer.
The processor chip looks for the BIOS in the ROM chip.
BIOS executes POST (power on self test), checks components eg keyboard, drives etc.
POST results are compared to data in CMOS chip.
BIOS searches for system files from A: drive , then from C: drive.
System files are loaded in memory. (RAM)
Finally, the OS is loaded into memory. (RAM)
IT Fundamentals

12. 1.3 Categories of OS users/tasks System Software
(a) A single user/single tasking operating system  
OS allows only one user to run one program at a time eg: DOS 
(b) A single user/multitasking operating system.
CPU allows a single user to work on two or more programs that reside in memory at the same time.
Eg. Windows 3.X, windows 95/98
IT Fundamentals

13. Categories of OS users/tasks supports two or more simultaneous users.
(c) A multi-user operating system
supports two or more simultaneous users.
All mainframes and minicomputers are multi-user systems, but most personal computers and workstations are not.
Another term for multi-user is time sharing.
Eg. Unix, Linux (multitasking)
(d) A multiprocessing operating system CPU’ssupports two or more Central Processing Units (CPUs) running programs at the same time within a single computer system
Eg. Win NT/2000/XP, Unix, Linux
IT Fundamentals

14. (a) stand-alone Categories of OS stand-alone/network/embedded
works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile computing device.
Some are called client operating systems because they also work in conjunction with a network operating system.
Client operating systems can operate with or without a network.
Eg. DOS, Windows XP, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp Client, UNIX, and Linux.
IT Fundamentals

15. Categories of OS (b) Network (NOS)
is designed specifically to control a network and its message (e.g. packet) traffic and queues, controls access by multiple users to network resources.
Eg. NetWare, Windows Server 2003, OS/2 Warp Server for e-business, UNIX, Linux, and Solaris.
IT Fundamentals

16. Categories of OS (c) Embedded
is an operating system for embedded computer systems.
designed to be very compact and efficient, forsaking many functions that non-embedded computer operating systems provide, and which may not be used by the specialized applications they run.
They are frequently also real-time operating systems.
on most PDAs and small devices
reside on a ROM chip.
e.g. Windows CE .NET; Pocket PC 2002, Palm OS, and Symbian OS.
IT Fundamentals

17. Operating Systems
IT Fundamentals

18. Operating Systems
Windows XP
Mac OS X
IT Fundamentals

19. 1.4 Features of an OS (a) multi-user
System Software
1.4 Features of an OS (a) multi-user
(b) Virtual Memory Management
RAM can seemingly be expanded by using some of a hard disk to act as extra 'main memory
(c) Scheduling jobs
OS determines the order in which jobs are done.
Not always first in first done.
Some jobs have higher priority.
IT Fundamentals

20. Virtual Memory Maps to Physical Memory
To facilitate copying virtual memory into real memory, the operating system divides virtual memory into pages, each of which contains a fixed number of addresses
The copying of virtual pages from disk to main memory is known as paging or swapping
IT Fundamentals

21. System Software 1.5 Command Based vs Graphical
 Unusable if do not know commands          eg.  copy  A:afile.doc  C:\bak\newname.doc 
Graphical presents commands via pull-down menus  
IT Fundamentals

22. Utility Programs
Type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs
Programs that make computing easier
Hard disks can crash
Virus can invade a system
Computers can freeze up
Operations can slow down
Five most essential utilities
Troubleshooting programs
Antivirus programs
Uninstall programs
Backup programs
File compression programs
IT Fundamentals

23. Windows Utilities
Start->All programs->accessories->system tools
Backup
Protect from hard disk failure
Disk cleanup
A trouble-shooting utility
Identifies and eliminates nonessential files
Frees up valuable disk space
Improves system performance
Disk defragmenter
Eliminates unnecessary fragments
Rearranges files and unused disk space
Disk Scanner
detects and corrects both physical and logical problems
searches for and removes unnecessary files
IT Fundamentals

24. Combine several programs into one package
Utility Suites
Combine several programs into one package
Personal Computer Maintenance
Antivirus programs
File Compression
IT Fundamentals

25. Utility Suites 2 best known utility suites McAfee Office
Norton System works
A suite of five separate program groups
Each can be purchased separately or as part of the suite
Norton Utilities
Norton AntiVirus
Norton CleanSweep
Norton CrashGuard
Norton Web Services
IT Fundamentals

26. Device Drivers
Specialized programs that allow devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system
When computer started, the OS loads all of the device drivers into memory
A new device added, its driver must be installed before it can be used
From windows
From product’s manufacturer
Install drivers in Windows OS
Control panel-Add/Remove Hardware Wizard
IT Fundamentals

27. Programming Languages
a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks.
Each language has a unique set of keywords and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.
IT Fundamentals

28. Programming Languages
Languages improved in parallel with hardware developments.
1st. Generation 
·    Machine language ·    Written in the language of the computer – 0’s and 1’s ·    The language to which all other generations of languages must be converted. Each different type of CPU has its own unique machine language
IT Fundamentals

29. Programming Languages
2nd. Generation ·    Assembly language ·    Used simple abbreviations or codes to represent a number of machine language instructions ·    Codes converted to machine language by a special program called an assembler.      Eg. SUB    STA      LDA
IT Fundamentals

30. Programming Languages
3rd. Generation ·    High level languages ·    More English like ·    Single command generates 100s of machine language instructions ·    Allow concentration on logic of solving problem rather than controlling computer ·    Compiler program converts instructions into machine language, stored as an EXEcutable file.       Eg. BASIC, COBOL, C
IT Fundamentals

31. Programming Languages
4th. Generation ·    Very high-level languages ·    Non-procedural. Programmer tells computer what to do but not how to do it. ·    Programmer can be 10 times more productive than in 3rd generation language. ·    Eg. databse query language (SQL, dBase, Prolog)      LIST name FOR town=”Bendigo”
IT Fundamentals

32. Programming Languages
5th. Generation
Provides a visual or graphical interface for creating source code.
Use of Natural language
Visual basic is an example
IT Fundamentals

33. Which is the best?
The question of which language is best is one that consumes a lot of time and energy among computer professionals.
Every language has its strengths and weaknesses.
FORTRAN is a particularly good language for processing numerical data, but it does not lend itself very well to organizing large programs.
Pascal is very good for writing well-structured and readable programs, but it is not as flexible as the C programming language.
C++ embodies powerful object-oriented features, but it is complex and difficult to learn.
IT Fundamentals

34. Language Translators
Computers only understand machine language consisting of 0’s and 1’s
Tedious, difficult
Programming language more closely to human language were developed
Language translator
convert programming statements into zeros and ones
Make computer be able to process
IT Fundamentals

35. Application Software 2. Application Software
performs some specific application required by the user
current program and data stored in RAM
RAM memory for program allocated by OS
Program stores data within its allocation
2 types Specialist   eg. Information Systems
ECNU Student Records
2. General   eg Word
Access
Excel
Games
CAD
Programming Language
IT Fundamentals

36. Finish Tutorial 3: Secondary Storage
Exercise
Finish Tutorial 3: Secondary Storage
Save the answer in StuIDNameT3.doc
Prepare for Tutorial 4: Operating System
IT Fundamentals