1. Earth's Changing Surface Review and Assessment Answers

2. Reviewing Key Terms
1. A landform that has high elevation but a mostly flat surface is a
a. plain
b. mountain
c. mountain range
d. plateau

3. Reviewing Key Terms
1. A landform that has high elevation but a mostly flat surface is a
a. plain
b. mountain
c. mountain range
d. plateau

4. Reviewing Key Terms
2. The equator divides the Earth into two equal halves called
a. globes
b. hemispheres
c. degrees
d. pixels

5. Reviewing Key Terms
2. The equator divides the Earth into two equal halves called
a. globes
b. hemispheres
c. degrees
d. pixels

6. Reviewing Key Terms
3. Latitude is a measurement of distance north or south of the
a. hemisphere
b. equator
c. index contour
d. prime meridian

7. Reviewing Key Terms
3. Latitude is a measurement of distance north or south of the
a. hemisphere
b. equator
c. index contour
d. prime meridian

8. Reviewing Key Terms
4. To show show Earth's curved surface on a flat map, mapmakers choose different
a. map projections
b. globes
c. scales
d. landform regions

9. Reviewing Key Terms
4. To show show Earth's curved surface on a flat map, mapmakers choose different
a. map projections
b. globes
c. scales
d. landform regions

10. Reviewing Key Terms
5. The digitized data on a computer map is made up of
a. index contours
b. pixels
c. contour intervals
d. symbols

11. Reviewing Key Terms
5. The digitized data on a computer map is made up of
a. index contours
b. pixels
c. contour intervals
d. symbols

12. Reviewing Key Terms 6. On a topographic map, relief is shown using
a. lines of latitude
b. lines of longitude
c. map projections
d. contour lines

13. Reviewing Key Terms 6. On a topographic map, relief is shown using
a. lines of latitude
b. lines of longitude
c. map projections
d. contour lines

14. Reviewing Key Terms
7. Relief is a landform's height above sea level.

15. Reviewing Key Terms 7. Relief is a landform's height above sea level.
False- elevation

16. Reviewing Key Terms
8. The equator is a half-circle that extends from the North Pole to the South Pole.

17. Reviewing Key Terms
8. The equator is a half-circle that extends from the North Pole to the South Pole.
False- prime meridian

18. Reviewing Key Terms
9. If an airplane flew around Earth in a straight line from east to west, the airplane would cross lines of longitude.

19. Reviewing Key Terms
9. If an airplane flew around Earth in a straight line from east to west, the airplane would cross lines of longitude.
True

20. Reviewing Key Terms
10. An index contour is labeled to indicate the elevation along a contour line.

21. Reviewing Key Terms
10. An index contour is labeled to indicate the elevation along a contour line.
True

22. Checking Concepts
11. Compare the elevation of a coastal plain to that of an interior plain.

23. Checking Concepts
11. Compare the elevation of a coastal plain to that of an interior plain.
A coastal plain has low elevation, but an interior plain can have high or low elevation.

24. Checking Concepts
12. What is a mountain range?

25. Checking Concepts 12. What is a mountain range?
A mountain range is a series of mountains that have the same general shape and structure.

26. Checking Concepts
13. What do geologists call an area where there is mostly one kind of topography?

27. Checking Concepts
13. What do geologists call an area where there is mostly one kind of topography?
A large area of land where the topography is similar is called a landform region.

28. Checking Concepts
14. The South Island of New Zealand lies at about 170 E. What hemisphere is it in?

29. Checking Concepts
14. The South Island of New Zealand lies at about 170 E. What hemisphere is it in?
It is in the Eastern Hemisphere because it lies 170 degrees east of the prime meridian.

30. Checking Concepts
15. What is one advantage of a Mercator projection? What is one disadvantage?

31. Checking Concepts
15. What is one advantage of a Mercator projection? What is one disadvantage?
On a Mercator projection, the size and shape of landmasses near the equator are distorted only a little; but as you move towards the poles, size and shape become more distorted.

32. Checking Concepts
16. What information does a map's contour interval provide?

33. Checking Concepts
16. What information does a map's contour interval provide?
A map's contour interval states the amount by which elevation changes between each contour line.

34. Checking Concepts
17. How do the contour lines on a topographic map indicate the slope of the land?

35. Checking Concepts
17. How do the contour lines on a topographic map indicate the slope of the land?
Contour lines that are far apart indicate flat or gently sloping land. Contour lines that are close together indicate steeply sloping land.

36. Checking Concepts
17. How do the contour lines on a topographic map indicate the slope of the land?
Contour lines that are far apart indicate flat or gently sloping land. Contour lines that are close together indicate steeply sloping land.

37. Math Practice
18. Earth's diameter is about 13,000 kilometers. If a globe has a diameter of 0.5 meter, write the globe's scale as a ration. What distance on Earth would 1 centimeter on a globe represent?

38. Math Practice
18. Earth's diameter is about 13,000 kilometers. If a globe has a diameter of 0.5 meter, write the globe's scale as a ration. What distance on Earth would 1 centimeter on a globe represent?
1:26,000,000; 26,000,000 cm or 260 km.

39. Thinking Critically
19. Which would be more likely to show a shallow, 1.5 meter deep depression in the ground- a 1 meter contour interval or a 5 meter contour interval?

40. Thinking Critically
19. Which would be more likely to show a shallow, 1.5 meter deep depression in the ground- a 1 meter contour interval or a 5 meter contour interval?
A 1.5 meter-deep depression would not show on a map with a 5 meter contour interval because that interval only shows changes in elevation greater than 5 meters. The depression would show on a map with a 1-meter contour interval because the depression is greater than 1 meter.

41. Thinking Critically
20. Use the map below to answer the question. What is the latitude and longitude of Point A? In which hemispheres is Point A located?

42. Thinking Critically
20. Use the map below to answer the question. What is the latitude and longitude of Point A? In which hemispheres is Point A located?
Approximately 8 N latitude and 22 E longitude. Point A is located in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres.

43. Thinking Critically
21. How would the colors in a satellite image of an area compare with those in a color photograph of the same area?

44. Thinking Critically
21. How would the colors in a satellite image of an area compare with those in a color photograph of the same area?
The colors in the photograph and the satellite image would be different. For example, vegetation often appears red, water appears black, and cities appear grayish blue.

45. Thinking Critically
22. Describe one way in which you could use a topographic map of your community.

46. Thinking Critically
22. Describe one way in which you could use a topographic map of your community.
Answers may vary!

47. Applying Skills
23. What is the elevation of the large lake? Which of the two Bubbles is higher?

48. Applying Skills
23. What is the elevation of the large lake? Which of the two Bubbles is higher?
Between 260 and 280 feet; the north Bubble has an elevation of more than 860 feet, which is higher than the south Bubble, at more than just 760 feet.

49. Applying Skills
24. Use the map scale to calculate the distance from the top of Penobscot Mountain to the large lake.

50. Applying Skills
24. Use the map scale to calculate the distance from the top of Penobscot Mountain to the large lake.
The distance is 0.5 m

51. Applying Skills
25. How can you tell whether the streams flow into or out of the large lake?

52. Applying Skills
25. How can you tell whether the streams flow into or out of the large lake?
The streams flow into the large lake because V-shaped contours point upstream.

53. Standardized Test Prep
1. On a map, what is the height above sea level of a point on Earth's surface?
a. topography
b. relief
c. elevation
d. latitude

54. Standardized Test Prep
1. On a map, what is the height above sea level of a point on Earth's surface?
a. topography
b. relief
c. elevation
d. latitude

55. Standardized Test Prep
2. You are an engineer preparing to build a new highway exit. You will need to look at details of the area where the new exit will be located. Which map scale would it be best to use, in order to see the needed topographic details?
F. 1 centimeter=0.25 kilometers
G. 1 centimeter=10.0 kilometers
H. 1 centimeter=5.0 kilometers
J. 1 centimeter= 2.5 kilometers

56. Standardized Test Prep
2. You are an engineer preparing to build a new highway exit. You will need to look at details of the area where the new exit will be located. Which map scale would it be best to use, in order to see the needed topographic details?
F. 1 centimeter=0.25 kilometers
G. 1 centimeter=10.0 kilometers
H. 1 centimeter=5.0 kilometers
J. 1 centimeter= 2.5 kilometers

57. Standardized Test Prep
3. A topographic map profile shows the shape or relief of the land along a given line. Along line M-N on the map, which of the following would the profile most closely resemble? a. b. c. d.

58. Standardized Test Prep
3. A topographic map profile shows the shape or relief of the land along a given line. Along line M-N on the map, which of the following would the profile most closely resemble? a. b. c. d.

59. Standardized Test Prep
4. What is the elevation of the point marked x on the map?
F meters
G meters
H meters
J meters

60. Standardized Test Prep
4. What is the elevation of the point marked x on the map?
F meters
G meters
H meters
J meters

61. Standardized Test Prep
5. How is longitude measured?
a. in degrees east or west of the prime meridian
b. in degrees east or west of the equator
c. in degrees north or south of the prime meridian
d. in kilometers east or west of the prime meridian

62. Standardized Test Prep
5. How is longitude measured?
a. in degrees east or west of the prime meridian
b. in degrees east or west of the equator
c. in degrees north or south of the prime meridian
d. in kilometers east or west of the prime meridian

63. Standardized Test Prep
6. Write a paragraph comparing a topographic map of an area with a satellite image of the same area. Assume that both are at the same scale. In your answer, explain how the topographic map and the satellite image are similar and how they are different.

64. Standardized Test Prep
6. Write a paragraph comparing a topographic map of an area with a satellite image of the same area. Assume that both are at the same scale. In your answer, explain how the topographic map and the satellite image are similar and how they are different.
Both maps represent the same area at the same scale. The topographic map displays the topography of the land. The satellite image might show land features, such as vegetation.

65. Rocks and Weathering
1. The process that splits rock through freezing and thawing is called
A. erosion
B. Chemical Weathering
C. Ice Wedging
D. Abrasion

66. Rocks and Weathering
1. The process that splits rock through freezing and thawing is called
A. erosion
B. Chemical Weathering
C. Ice Wedging
D. Abrasion

67. Rocks and Weathering 2. Acid rain results in A. Chemical Weathering
B. Abrasion
C. Oxidation
D. Mechanical Weathering

68. Rocks and Weathering 2. Acid rain results in A. Chemical Weathering
B. Abrasion
C. Oxidation
D. Mechanical Weathering

69. Rocks and Weathering
6. Mechanical Weathering is the removal of rock particles by gravity, wind, water, or ice.

70. Rocks and Weathering
6. Mechanical Weathering is the removal of rock particles by gravity, wind, water, or ice.
False- Erosion

71. Rocks and Weathering
11. What is the principle of uniformitarianism?

72. Rocks and Weathering 11. What is the principle of uniformitarianism?
The principle of uniformitarianism states that the same processes that operate today operated in the past.

73. Rocks and Weathering
12. Explain how plants can act as agents of both chemical and mechanical weathering?

74. Rocks and Weathering
12. Explain how plants can act as agents of both chemical and mechanical weathering?
Plants are an agent of mechanical weathering when their roots pry open cracks in rock.
Plants are agents of chemical weathering when their roots produce weak acids that slowly dissolve rock.

75. Rocks and Weathering
13. What is the role of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in chemical weathering?

76. Rocks and Weathering
13. What is the role of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in chemical weathering?
Oxygen combines with iron in a process called oxidation, which results in rust. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which weathers rock.

77. Rocks and Weathering
19. If mechanical weathering breaks a rock into pieces, how would this affect the rate at which the rock weathers chemically?

78. Rocks and Weathering
19. If mechanical weathering breaks a rock into pieces, how would this affect the rate at which the rock weathers chemically?
Breaking a rock into pieces increases the rate at which the rock will weather chemically because the broken rock has more surface area exposed to weathering agents

79. Rocks and Weathering
1. Which of the following is a type of mechanical weathering?
A. Abrasion
B. Freezing and Thawing
C. Plant Growth
D. All of the above

80. Rocks and Weathering
1. Which of the following is a type of mechanical weathering?
A. Abrasion
B. Freezing and Thawing
C. Plant Growth
D. All of the above

81. Rocks and Weathering
2. You are designing an experiment to test the resistance of weathering of various types of materials. What weathering process could be modeled using sandpaper?
F. Acid Rain
G. Freezing and Thawing
H. Abrasion
J. All of the above

82. Rocks and Weathering
2. You are designing an experiment to test the resistance of weathering of various types of materials. What weathering process could be modeled using sandpaper?
F. Acid Rain
G. Freezing and Thawing
H. Abrasion
J. All of the above

83. Erosion and Deposition
1. The eroded materials carried by water or wind are called
A. Stalactites
B. Desert Pavement
C. Sediment
D. Moraines

84. Erosion and Deposition
1. The eroded materials carried by water or wind are called
A. Stalactites
B. Desert Pavement
C. Sediment
D. Moraines

85. Erosion and Deposition
2. The downhill movement of eroded materials is known as
A. Mass movement
B. Abrasion
C. Deposition
D. Deflation

86. Erosion and Deposition
2. The downhill movement of eroded materials is known as
A. Mass movement
B. Abrasion
C. Deposition
D. Deflation

87. Erosion and Deposition
3. Where a stream bed is rough, the stream flows more slowly because of
A. Sediment
B. Friction
C. Deposition
D. Potential Energy

88. Erosion and Deposition
3. Where a stream bed is rough, the stream flows more slowly because of
A. Sediment
B. Friction
C. Deposition
D. Potential Energy

89. Erosion and Deposition
6. The process by which sediment in water settles in new locations is mass movement.

90. Erosion and Deposition
6. The process by which sediment in water settles in new locations is mass movement.
False, Deposition

91. Erosion and Deposition
7. Groundwater that flows in a thin layer over the land causes sheet erosion.

92. Erosion and Deposition
7. Groundwater that flows in a thin layer over the land causes sheet erosion.
False- runoff

93. Erosion and Deposition
8. Because it is moving, flowing water has a type of energy called kinetic energy.

94. Erosion and Deposition
8. Because it is moving, flowing water has a type of energy called kinetic energy.
True

95. Erosion and Deposition
9. A looplike bend in the river is called a meander.

96. Erosion and Deposition
9. A looplike bend in the river is called a meander.
True

97. Erosion and Deposition
11. What agents of erosion are assisted by the force of gravity?

98. Erosion and Deposition
11. What agents of erosion are assisted by the force of gravity?
The agents of erosion that are assisted by the force of gravity are moving water and glaciers. Gravity itself causes mass movement and is therefore also an agent of erosion.

99. Erosion and Deposition
12. How do a river's slope and volume of flow affect the river's sediment load?

100. Erosion and Deposition
12. How do a river's slope and volume of flow affect the river's sediment load?
In general, higher slope and higher volume of flow increase a river's sediment load.

101. Erosion and Deposition
13. What is turbulence? How does it affect the speed of a river and the river's power to cause erosion?

102. Erosion and Deposition
13. What is turbulence? How does it affect the speed of a river and the river's power to cause erosion?
Turbulence is rough-flowing water. It slows the speed of a river, but often increases its power to erode.

103. Erosion and Deposition
14. Where is the speed of the flowing water in a river the slowest? Explain.

104. Erosion and Deposition
14. Where is the speed of the flowing water in a river the slowest? Explain.
The speed of the flowing water in a river is the slowest near the bottom, where friction is greatest.

105. Erosion and Deposition
18. Compare and contrast landslides and mudflows.

106. Erosion and Deposition
18. Compare and contrast landslides and mudflows.
Both are types of mass movement that occur rapidly and can be triggered by an earthquake. Unlike landslides, which are mostly dry, mudflows have a high percentage of water.

107. Erosion and Deposition
19. Under what conditions would you expect abrasion to cause the most erosion of a riverbed?

108. Erosion and Deposition
19. Under what conditions would you expect abrasion to cause the most erosion of a riverbed?
Abrasion occurs when particles of sediment in flowing water bump into the stream bed again and again. A very turbulent stream or the fast-flowing water of a flooding river would cause the most abrasion.

109. Erosion and Deposition
20. A salesperson offers to sell your family a new house right on a river bank for very little money. Why might you hesitate to buy this house?

110. Erosion and Deposition
20. A salesperson offers to sell your family a new house right on a river bank for very little money. Why might you hesitate to buy this house?
A house right on a river bank is probably within the river's flood plain. A family should hesitate because the house might be damaged or destroyed by a future flood.

111. Erosion and Deposition
1. As a stream flows from a mountainous area to a flatter area, what happens to the size of the sediment the stream normally carries?
A. The sediment size does not change
B. The sediment size carried by the stream increases
C. The sediment size carried by the stream decreases
D. The stream drops all the sediment it was carrying

112. Erosion and Deposition
1. As a stream flows from a mountainous area to a flatter area, what happens to the size of the sediment the stream normally carries?
A. The sediment size does not change
B. The sediment size carried by the stream increases
C. The sediment size carried by the stream decreases
D. The stream drops all the sediment it was carrying

113. Erosion and Deposition
3. What is the erosional feature in the diagram?
A. A meander
B. A delta
C. A flood plain
D. Karst topography

114. Erosion and Deposition
3. What is the erosional feature in the diagram?
A. A meander
B. A delta
C. A flood plain
D. Karst topography

115. Erosion and Deposition
4. In the diagram, where is the speed of the stream the greatest?
F. At Y
G. At X
H. At W
J. At Z

116. Erosion and Deposition
4. In the diagram, where is the speed of the stream the greatest?
F. At Y
G. At X
H. At W
J. At Z

117. Erosion and Deposition
6. Describe how gravity is involved in the erosion of Earth's surface by mass movement, running water, and glaciers. Be sure to explain what erosion is.

118. Erosion and Deposition
6. Describe how gravity is involved in the erosion of Earth's surface by mass movement, running water, and glaciers. Be sure to explain what erosion is.
Erosion is the picking up and moving of rock, sediment, or soil. Gravity causes erosion by mass movement, running water, and glaciers. During mass movement, gravity pulls rock or sediment downhill. Running water moves downhill because of the force of gravity. As the water flows, it erodes earth's surface. Gravity also causes glacier ice to flow. The flowing ice erodes rock and sediment from some places and deposits rock and sediment at other places.