1. Qualitative Changes in Equilibrium Systems

2. Le Châtelier’s Principle Le Châtelier’s Principle – chemical systems at equilibrium shift to restore equilibrium when a change occurs that disturbs the equilibrium

3. Factors disturb equilibrium Concentration, pressure and temperature or a combination of them Why would we care? Le Chatelier feeds the world

4. Le Châtelier’s Principle and changes in concentration Equilibrium shift – a change in concentrations of reactants and products in order to restore an equilibrium state What do you predict would happen if I added more SCN anion to the reaction? Or what about more FeSCN?

5. p. 440 -Adding a reactant causes a shift to the other side of the equilibrium

6. What if we removed a reactant? Removing CO(g) shifts equilibrium to the right

7. Explaining the effect of concentration on equilibria with collision theory Greater concentration of a reactant means higher probability of collision leading to higher probability in shift to product. It goes in both directions!

8. Applying the concentration change principle If you run a reaction in which you continually add a reactant and/or remove a product the equilibrium will continuously shift towards the product side of the equation Used by chemical engineers to design industrial processes for reversible reactions E.g. production of hydrogen gas uses high pressure and temperature to shift reaction to product

9. Le Châtelier and energy changes Adding or subtracting energy can also shift a reaction

10. Endothermic reactions Cooling reaction Shifts it to the left Heating reaction Shifts it to the right

11. Exothermic reactions Cooling the reaction shifts it to the right p. 443

12. Le Châtelier and gas volume This is an extension of the concentration principle Assuming an ideal gas pressure is inversely proportional to volume and each gas exerts its own partial pressure Therefore changing the volume changes the pressure exerted by each gas

13. -Decreasing the volume will increase the pressure -This will favour a shift to the right since fewer chemical entities will lead to a reduction in pressure p. 444

14. Changing an equilibrium system without affecting equilibrium position Catalysts – can change the rate of forward and reverse reactions by lowering Ea but do not affect the equilibrium position (just how quickly you get there) p. 445

15. Inert Gas – adding an inert gas will increase the pressure thus increasing number of collisions but since it is inert the collisions will not cause reactions leaving the equilibrium intact p. 445

16. State of reactants – In reactions involving chemicals in different states adding or subtracting chemicals in other states will have not effect at equilibrium so long as they are not completely removed.

17. Assigned questions P. 446, 1-4