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Europeans Claim Muslim lands
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Objectives Summarize the decline of the Ottoman Empire Describe the Crimean War Analyze Egypt’s Reforms Evaluate Persia’s response to foreign pressure
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Why it matters now … Political events in this vital resource area are still influenced by actions from the imperialistic period.
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Ottoman Empire Loses Power
Salim III Comes to power in 1789 Attempts to modernize the army Overthrown by the Janissary Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries Nationalism Greece – independence Serbia – Self-rule Europeans try to find a way to exploit this weakness in the empire Reforms Fail Suleyman I Died 1566 Last great sultan a Muslim sovereign Followed by a succession of weak sultans Quarreling factions Corruption and theft caused finical loses Inflation Lagged behind technologically
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It lead to a weakened economy and technological stagnation
What part did internal corruption play in the decline of Ottoman power? It lead to a weakened economy and technological stagnation
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Europeans Grab Territory
Russia and the Crimean War Florence Nightingale Led the 1st groups of army nurses Newspapers For the 1st time newspapers correspondents covered the war Ottoman Weakness Despite of the help from their allies, land continued to be lost. Geopolitics An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products Former Ottoman controlled access to the Mediterranean, Atlantic, & Black Sea was coveted Crimean War Conflict in which the Ottoman Empire, with the aid of Britain & France, halted Russian expansion in the region of the Black Sea
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How did European nations take advantage of Ottoman’s weakness?
They saw it as an opportunity for imperialism
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Europeans Grab Territory
The Great Game “Great Game” Geopolitical struggle between England and Russia over Muslim lands in Central Asia India One of Britain’s most profitable colonies Afghanistan Geographically between Russian & British Empire 1881 – British withdraw from Afghanistan 1921 – Soviet Union signed non-aggression pact
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They all wanted to control Ottoman territory
In what way were Russian, British, and French motivations in the Crimean War similar? They all wanted to control Ottoman territory
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Egypt Initiates Reforms
Military and Economic Reforms Shift to cotton Brought Egypt into the international market place The Suez Canal Built by the grandson of Ali 1869 – connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean $450 million in debt to build English overseeing financing and control of the canal – 1882 In response to the Ottoman decline, the Muslim world was put on notice Adjust to the modern world Or Be consumed by it Mahammad Ali Sent by the Ottomans to govern Egypt Broke away from Ottomans and gained control over Syria an Arabia after a series of battles
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Both substituted production of cash crops for food crops
How was Muhammad Ali’s promotion of cotton production similar to European imperialists’ actions in Africa? Both substituted production of cash crops for food crops
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Why was the completion of the Suez Canal cause for international celebration?
It greatly decreased the time needed to travel from Europe to East Africa and Asia
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Persia Pressured to Change
Russian and Britain compete to put the country in their sphere of influence Russia Access to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean England Wanted Afghanistan as a buffer between India and Russia Oil found in 1908 Persian rulers began to grant concessions to Western business Anglo-Persian Oil Company – British Petroleum Battle Over Tobacco Tensions arose between rulers and the people 1890 – Nasir al-Din sold concessions to the British to export tobacco Jamal al-Din al-Afghani set up a tobacco boycott Forced Nasir al-Din to cancel the concession 1907 – Russia and Britain take control of the country and divide into spheres of inflenece
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The oil had to pass through Ottoman land to Europe
Why did the discovery of oil in Persia increase the value of the Ottoman territory? The oil had to pass through Ottoman land to Europe
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What advantages did granting business concessions to Western countries offer Persia?
Income, development of their resources, and participation in world events
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How did Persia’s granting of concessions eventually lead to its takeover by Britain and Russia?
Concessions allowed Western countries to establish an economic foothold in Persia, which they exploited when the Persian government lost control of the coutnry
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