1. Europe Faces Revolutions
Chapter 8.2

2. The Congress of Vienna
Restored monarchies and territorial divisions that existed before the French Revolution.
Kept warfare between European countries to a minimum for 100 years.
Did not stop the spread of Enlightenment ideas within countries.
Between , revolutions erupted all across Europe.

3. Clash of Philosophies
Conservatives: wealthy property owners and nobility, argued for protecting monarchies.
Liberals: middle-class merchants/businessmen wanted elected parliaments, limited voting.
Radicals: wanted to extend democracy to all people based on ideas of Fr. Rev. – liberty, equality, brotherhood.

4. Nationalism Develops
Nationalism: belief that people’s greatest loyalty should be to other people who share a common history/culture, not to a king/queen.
Nation: a group of people who believe they share a common history and culture – they identify as one distinct group of people.
Nation-state: when a nation has its own independent government and territory.

5. Nationalists Challenge Conservatives
The Balkans: In 1827, a combined British/ French/ Russian fleet fought against the Ottomans to make Greece an independent country.
Belgium: In 1830, Belgian nationalists declared their independence from Dutch control.
In 1848, nationalist revolutions occurred in Hungary, Bohemia, Italy, Russia, and the political theories clashed all over Europe.

6. France vs. Russia Odd #’s: France (pg. 256)
Even #’s: Russia (pg )
Identify which of the three philosophies were involved, and when.
List the changes that were made at each stage.

7. Nationalism Case Study: Italy and Germany
Chapter 8.3

8. Review Conservatives Liberals Radicals Nationalism Nation Nation-state
1800’s Revolutions

9. Types of Nationalist Movements
Unification
Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands. Ex – Italy and Germany
Separation
Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away. Ex – The Balkans
State-building
Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture. Ex – The US

10. Nationalism Shakes Empires
The Austrian Empire
Empire split into half, Hungary became independent
The Russian Empire
Russification helped strengthen ethnic nationalism
The Ottoman Empire
Multi-ethnic empire weakened by nationalism, broke apart after WWI

11. Italy and Germany Pages 260-261
Complete your part of the notes outline.
Teach your partner about the unification of your assigned country.
Learn about the unification of the other country from your partner.

12. Power Shifts
The Congress of Vienna had established 5 Great Powers in Europe: Austria, Britain, France, Russia, and Prussia.
By 1871, Prussia had upset the balance of power by uniting Germany.
Britain and Germany were the most powerful countries by far, both militarily and economically.