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2. Section 1: Religion and Sociology Section 2: Theoretical Perspectives
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Section 1: Religion and Sociology
Section 2: Theoretical Perspectives
Section 3: Religious Organization and Religiosity
Section 4: Religion in the United States
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3. Chapter Preview · Section 1
Religion and Sociology (pages 464–466)
Religion is concerned with sacred things. Durkheim concluded that every religion separates the sacred from the profane. Sociologists face some unique problems studying religion. They do not evaluate the validity of various religions but look at these aspects of religion that can be measured and observed in society.
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4. Chapter Preview · Section 2
Theoretical Perspectives (pages 467–474)
Religion has several functions. It legitimates the structure of society, promotes social unity, and provides a sense of meaning and belonging. Marx argued that religion is used to justify and maintain the group in power. Weber believed that religion could promote social change. He connected the Protestant ethic and the rise of capitalism.
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5. Chapter Preview · Section 3
Religious Organization and Religiosity (pages 475–480)
The major forms of religious organization are churches, denominations, sects, and cults. Religiosity—the ways people express their religious interests and convictions—can be analyzed in terms of five dimensions: belief, ritual, intellect, experience, and consequences.
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6. Chapter Preview · Section 4
Religion in the United States (pages 481–488)
Through the process of secularization, the sacred and the profane are intermixed. There has been revival of religious fundamentalism in the United States. The major religious faiths can be analyzed by major social characteristics.
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7. Chapter Preview-End

8. Religion is concerned with sacred things
Religion is concerned with sacred things. Durkheim concluded that every religion separates the sacred from the profane. Sociologists studying religion face some unique problems. They do not judge the validity of various religions but rather look at those aspects of religion that can be measured and observed in society.
Section 1-Preview

9. religion
sacred
profane
Section 1-Key Terms

10. Section 1-Polling Question
Which of the following do you find sacred?
A. The Bible
B. The Buddha
C. The Torah
D. A dreamcatcher A B C D
Section 1-Polling Question

11. Functionalism and Religion
A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices concerned with sacred things.
Section 1

12. Functionalism and Religion (cont.)
Every society distinguishes between these two definitions:
Sacred—things and ideas that are set apart and given a special meaning that goes beyond, or transcends, immediate existence.
Profane (secular)—commonplace and not involving the supernatural.
Section 1

13. What is another word for profane? A. Filthy B. Clean C. Secular
D. Sacred A B C D
Section 1

14. The Sociological Study of Religion
Sociologists approach religion as a human creation and focus on social aspects of religion that can be measured and observed.
They do not judge the validity of any religion.
Section 1

15. Sociologists focus on social aspects of religion that can be ______.
A. Measured
B. Observed
C. Measured and observed
D. None of the above A B C D
Section 1

16. Section 1-End

17. Religion has several functions
Religion has several functions. It legitimates the structure of society, promotes social unity, and provides a sense of meaning and belonging. Marx argues that religion is used to justify and maintain the group in power. Weber believed that religion could promote social change. He connected the protestant ethic and the rise of capitalism.
Section 2-Preview

18. legitimate
spirit of capitalism
Protestant ethic
Section 2-Key Terms

19. Section-Polling Question
Which of the following serves as a function of religion?
A. Legitimizes the structure of society
B. Promotes social unity
C. Provides a sense of meaning and belonging
D. All of the above A B C D
Section-Polling Question

20. Functionalism and Religion
Emile Durkheim believed that the essential function of religion was to provide, through sacred symbols, a mirror for members of society to see themselves.
Section 2

21. Functionalism and Religion (cont.)
Social functions of religion:
Religion gives formal approval to existing social arrangements.
Religious doctrine and scripture legitimate the status quo.
Division of World Population by Religions
Section 2

22. Functionalism and Religion (cont.)
Religion encourages a sense of unity but can also cause fragmentation within a society.
Religion provides a sense of understanding.
Religion promotes a sense of belonging.
Religions of the World
Major World Religions
Section 2

23. Which animal did early Hebrews believe was unclean? A. Horse B. Cow
C. Pig
D. Sheep A B C D
Section 2

24. Conflict Theory and Religion
Conflict theory focuses on how religion works to either inhibit or encourage social change.
Gender Inequality in Religion
Section 2

25. Conflict Theory and Religion (cont.)
Marx’s view:
He believed that once people have created a unified system of sacred beliefs and practices, they act as if it were something beyond their control.
Religion gives people a sense that all is the way it should be.
Section 2

26. Conflict Theory and Religion (cont.)
Weber’s view:
Unlike Marx, he believed that religion could encourage social change.
He saw a link between capitalism and Protestantism.
Section 2

27. Conflict Theory and Religion (cont.)
The spirit of capitalism—work is a moral obligation; investment for the future is more important than immediate consumption.
Protestant ethic—a cluster of values, norms, beliefs, and attitudes that stressed virtue of hard work, thrift and self discipline.
Section 2

28. Conflict Theory and Religion (cont.)
Protestant/Calvinistic beliefs:
God identifies his chosen people by rewarding them in this world.
Consumption beyond necessity is considered sinful.
There is an underlying purpose to life: glorification of God on earth through one’s occupation.
Section 2

29. Do you think the dominant religion of a country influences the economy of that country?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure A B C
Section 2

30. Symbolic Interactionism and Religion
Peter Berger believes that humans create from their religious traditions a canopy of symbolic meanings to “lay” over the secular world.
These meanings provide stability and security in a changing and uncertain existence.
Religion
Section 2

31. What is the name of the book sociologist Peter Berger wrote?
A. Religious Ideas
B. The Sacred Canopy
C. Insecurity and Uncertainty
D. None of the above A B C D
Section 2

32. Section 2-End

33. The major forms of religious organizations are churches, denominations, sects, and cults. Religiosity—the ways people express their religious beliefs and convictions—can be analyzed in terms of five dimensions: belief, ritual, intellect, experience, and consequences.
Section 3-Preview

34. church
denomination
sect
cult
religiosity
Section 3-Key Terms

35. Section 3-Polling Question
Which is NOT a major form of religious organization?
A. Denomination
B. Church
C. Cult
D. Sunday A B C
Section 3-Polling Question

36. Religious Organization
Church—a life-encompassing religious organization to which all members of a society belong.
This exists when religion and the state are intertwined.
Section 3

37. Religious Organization (cont.)
Denomination—one of several religious organizations that most members of a society accept as legitimate.
Membership is voluntary and competition for members between them is acceptable.
Section 3

38. Religious Organization (cont.)
Sect—a religious organization formed when members of an existing religious organization break away in an attempt to reform the “parent” group.
Cult—a religious organization whose characteristics are not drawn from existing religious traditions within a society.
Section 3

39. The Amish are a religious ______? A. Sect B. Cult C. Denomination
Section 3

40. Religiosity
Religiosity refers to the types of religious attitudes and behaviors people display in their everyday lives.
Public Charities
Section 3

41. Religiosity (cont.) The 5 dimensions:
Belief—what a person considers to be true
Ritual—a religious practice that members are expected to perform
Section 3

42. Religiosity (cont.) Intellectual dimension—knowledge of one’s faith
Experience—feeling attached to religious expression
Consequences—decisions and commitments made because of their religion
Section 3

43. Which is NOT a dimension of religiosity? A. Ritual B. Experience
C. Academic
D. Belief A B C D
Section 3

44. Section 3-End

45. Through the process of secularization, the sacred and the profane tend to become intermixed. There has been a revival of religious fundamentalism in the United States. Religious faiths can be analyzed by the major social characteristics such as class and political tendencies.
Section 4-Preview

46. secularization
fundamentalism
Section 4-Key Terms

47. Section 4-Polling Question
Do you agree that there should be a separation of church and state?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Not sure A B C
Section 4-Polling Question

48. The Development of Religion in America
The idea of a separation between church and state is a cornerstone of American life.
However, religious persecution has still occurred.
Section 4

49. Which religious group came to America to search for religious freedom?
A. Puritans
B. Calvinists
C. Catholics A B C
Section 4

50. Secularization in the United States
Secularization is the process of the sacred losing influence over society, or aspects of the sacred entering into the secular world of everyday life.
Percentage of Americans Saying Religion is Very Important in Their Lives: 1952–2005
Global Comparisons in Religiousity
Section 4

51. What percent of the United States is without a religious preference?
B. 9
C. 15
D. 20 A B C D
Section 4

52. Religious Preferences
Americans in the early 2000s were largely Protestant (50%).
Catholics constitute about 24% of the population.
Jews constitute about 2% of the population.
Membership in Selected Religious Organizations in the United States
Section 4

53. A B C D Which Protestant denomination is that largest? A. Methodists
B. Episcopalian
C. Lutheran
D. Baptist A B C D
Section 4

54. Fundamentalism in America
Fundamentalism is based on the desire to resist secularization and to adhere closely to traditional religious beliefs, rituals, and doctrines.
Section 4

55. Fundamentalism in America (cont.)
Two issues disturbed the early fundamentalists:
The spread of secularism.
The movement away from emphasis on the traditional message of Christianity toward an emphasis on social service.
Section 4

56. Fundamentalism in America (cont.)
Christian fundamentalists believe in:
the literal truth of the Scriptures.
being “born again.”
Section 4

57. Fundamentalism in America (cont.)
the responsibility of believers to give witness for God.
the presence of Satan.
the destruction of the world before the Messiah’s return.
Section 4

58. Fundamentalism in America (cont.)
Fundamentalism is strong today because:
many Americans feel their world is out of control.
the fundamentalist churches provide solace to people who don’t feel connected elsewhere.
Section 4

59. Fundamentalism in America (cont.)
they offer a more purely sacred environment.
they can use the mass media to reach people.
American Church Membership Trends: 1990–1999
Section 4

60. A B C D Fundamentalism is found in which religions? A. Roman Catholic
B. Judaism
C. Protestant denominations
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 4

61. Religion, Class and Politics
Religious affiliation is related to:
social class
upper versus lower class
political beliefs
Section 4

62. A B C D Upperclasses display their religiosity by A. Church membership
B. Church attendance
C. Observance of ritual
D. All of the above A B C D
Section 4

63. Religion, Science, and Society
Religion involves matters beyond human observation, while science is all about observation.
Depending on the values and norms of the culture, society may favor religious or scientific explanations.
Section 4

64. Religion, Science, and Society (cont.)
Many debates have involved the school system.
Today, some topics in science are closely tied to ethics, so the interface between science and religion is increasing.
Section 4

65. What state removed any questions about evolution from the state high school exit examination in 1999?
A. Vermont
B. Oklahoma
C. Oregon
D. Kansas A B C D
Section 4

66. Section 4-End

67. Division of World Population by Religions*
* Figures shown are estimates and do not total to 100 due to rounding errors.
Figure 14.1

68. Major World Religions Figure 14.2
Source: World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005.
Figure 14.2

69. Figure 14.3

70. Percentage of Americans Saying Religion is Very Important in Their Lives: 1952–2005
Source: The Gallup Organization, Gallup polls on religion.
Figure 14.4

71. Figure 14.5

72. Membership in Selected Religious Organizations in the United States
Source: World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005.
Figure 14.6

73. American Church Membership Trends: 1990–1999
Source: Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches, 1999.
Figure 14.7

74. Public Charities Snapshot
Source: National Center for Charitable Statistics, 2004.
Snapshot

75. Religions of the World World View 1
Adapted from The State of Religion Atlas, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.
World View 1

76. Gender Inequality in Religion
Adapted from The State of Religion Atlas, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.
World View 2

77. Transparency 1A

78. Transparency 1B

79. religion
a unified system of beliefs and practices concerned with sacred things
Vocab1

80. sacred
holy; set apart and given a special meaning that goes beyond, or transcends, immediate existence
Vocab2

81. profane
nonsacred
Vocab3

82. legitimate
to justify or give official approval to
Vocab4

83. spirit of capitalism
the obligation to reinvest money in business rather than to spend it
Vocab5

84. Protestant ethic
a set of values, norms, beliefs, and attitudes stressing hard work, thrift, and self-discipline
Vocab6

85. church
a life-encompassing religious organization to which all members of a society belong
Vocab7

86. denomination
one of several religious organizations that most members of a society accept as legitimate
Vocab8

87. sect
a religious organization that arises out of a desire to reform an existing religious organization
Vocab9

88. cult
a religious organization whose characteristics are not drawn from existing religious traditions within a society
Vocab10

89. religiosity
ways in which people express their religious interests and convictions
Vocab11

90. secularization
process through which the sacred loses influence over society
Vocab12

91. fundamentalism
the resistance of secularization and the rigid adherence to traditional religious beliefs, rituals, and doctrines
Vocab13

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