1. Ballistic Missiles and Getting Into Orbit

2. Ballistic Missiles and Getting Into Orbit
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)
Understanding Ballistic Missiles and Trajectories
Conic Sections
ICBM Trajectories
ICBM Development
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Launch Windows and Times
Getting Into Orbit
Launch Windows
Launch Time
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

3. Understanding Ballistic Missiles and Trajectories
Not all spacecraft launched into space stay there.
Ballistic missiles only travel through space.
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit SECTION 7.1

4. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit
Conic Sections
All objects moving under the influence of gravity must follow paths that form conic sections.
Circles, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas are all conic sections because they are all ‘slices’ of a cone.
Parabolas and hyperbolas are useful only for interplanetary motion.
Circular and elliptical paths are for near Earth work.
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

5. Conic Sections Ballistic Trajectories
The shape of a Ballistic Trajectory is an ellipse
that intersects the Earth at two points
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

6. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit
ICBM Trajectories
Ballistics:
Science dealing with motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles—especially bullets, bombs, rockets, and missiles.
Science or art of designing and hurling projectiles to achieve a desired effect.
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

7. ICBM Trajectories (cont’d)
Ballistic trajectories
Paths followed by non-thrusting objects
Objects moving under the influence of gravity
Most of the trajectory is outside Earth’s atmosphere (ignore all other forces except for gravity).
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

8. ICBM Trajectories (cont’d) Trajectory Example
As the man in the figure tries to squirt the dog, he has three basic options similar to the options with ballistic trajectories of rockets:
He can squirt the stream of water directly at the dog (low trajectory).
Aim the stream of water at a 45 degree angle (maximum range or accuracy).
Or, squirt the stream high into the air (high trajectory).
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

9. ICBM Trajectories (cont’d) Ballistic Trajectories
Define ballistic trajectories by:
Rocket’s position (radius from the Earth’s center) at burnout
Rocket’s velocity at burnout
Flight-path angle at burnout
Direction of flight at burnout
Latitude at burnout
Longitude at burnout
Shape of ballistic trajectory: ellipse intersecting Earth’s surface at launch and impact
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

10. Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit
ICBM Development
ICBMs are long-range missiles using a ballistic trajectory.
ICBMs differ little technically from other ballistic missiles.
Ballistic trajectories have focused on being able to throw things farther and faster.
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

11. ICBM Development (cont’d)
V2 was first real intermediate range ballistic missile.
After the war, U.S. and USSR began race to develop ICBMs.
Key players in global space program also took part in developing ICBMs.
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

12. ICBM Development Modern ICBMs and MIRVs
Modern ICBMs typically deliver multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs).
Each Re-entry Vehicle (RV) carries a nuclear-weapon warhead.
Allows a single missile launch to strike a handful of targets.
Proved to be an “easy answer” to deploying anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems: adding more warheads to a missile costs less than building the missiles to shoot down the additional warheads.
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

13. ICBM Development Minuteman
Minuteman I and II were U.S. ICBMs in service from 1960 to 1997.
Minuteman III entered service in 1978.
Minuteman had two innovations that gave it a long practical service life.
Solid-rocket fuel technology.
Earliest use of integrated circuit for digital flight computer.
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

14. ICBM Development Minuteman (cont’d)
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

15. ICBM Development Minuteman (cont’d)
Early trajectory of a Minuteman Missile shown on it’s way to a test range
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

16. ICBM Development Peacekeeper
First deployed in 1986.
Canceled, modified, and reinstated over several administrations.
U.S. had to remove it from service to meet SALT II treaty.
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

17. ICBM Development Peacekeeper (cont’d)
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

18. ICBM Development ICBM Missile Silos
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit

19. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Between U.S. and USSR to limit use of anti-ballistic missile systems in defending against missile attack.
Only two nuclear powers—kept both from believing they could avoid a counter-strike.
In force for 30 years from
U.S. withdrew from treaty in 2002.
Unit 2, Chapter 7, Lesson 7: Ballistic Missiles and Getting into Orbit