1. Chapter 35: An Age of Anxiety
AP World History By: Kimberly Zerbst

2. What we’re learning today…
New scientific paradigms (Freud, Big Bang theory)
New approaches to art (Guernica)
Great Depression
Communist economic approaches
Capitalist economic approaches
Humanitarian responses (red cross)
Ethnic violence

3. New Scientific Thought
Einstein
Freud
Heisenberg
How are the ideas of these men related to the events of WWI?
How might they change the future?
Einstein: special theory of relativity
Born in Germany 1879
Educated and worked in Switzerland
Renounced German citizenship 1933
US citizen 1940
Offered presidency of Israel but declined
Freud
Born 1856 to Jewish Austrian family
Became at Dr. before his 20th birthday at University of Vienna
Heavy cocaine user
Barely made it out of vienna after the Nazi’s took over with the help of Marie Bonaparte of Greece
Died through the help of assisted suicide – morphine dose
Werner Heisenberg
Uncertainty principal
Stayed in germany working for the Nazi’s
Instrumental in the development of nuclear power in W. Germany after the war

4. New approaches to art Guernica
Picasso raged against the war in Spain – this trend of challenging war and promoting nonviolence continued to the present day
During the Civil war the nazi’s decided to try out their new Luftwaffe on a city that hadn’t been touched by the war and they bombed it
April 1937
1654 people were killed and 889 wounded – the city was destroyed
GuernicaPhoto by: Wikipedia Creative CommonsArtistPablo PicassoYear1937MediumOil on canvasLocationMuseo Reina Sofia, MadridDimensions137.4 in × in349 cm × 776 cmGuernica is a painting by famous Spanish artist Pablo Picasso. It was painted as a reaction to the aerial bombing of Guernica, Spain by German and Italian forces during the Spanish Civil War in The Spanish Republic, government of Spain, appointed Picasso to paint a large mural about the bombing to display at the 1937 World’s Fair in Paris.
Guernica shows the cataclysms of war as well as the anguish and destruction it inflicts upon people, especially innocent civilians. This painting has attained an enormous reputation over the years, and has become an everlasting reminder of the devastation of war, in addition to becoming an anti-war icon. After it was completed, Guernica was exhibited worldwide during a limited tour, receiving wide acclaim and becoming quite famous. The exposure assisted in bringing the Spanish Civil War to the world’s awareness.
The Painting – Summary Of Individual Components
The colors of Guernica are black, white, and grey. It is an oil painting on canvas, measuring 11 feet tall by 25.6 feet wide, and is on display at the Museo Reina Sofía (Spain’s national museum) in Madrid. The work of art was completed by Picasso in June, 1937 and depicts turmoil, people and animals suffering, with buildings in disarray – torn apart by violence and mayhem. Guernica can be summarized by its individual components as follows:
The encompassing scenario is set within a room where, in an empty part on the left, a wide-eyed bull looms above a woman grieving for a dead child she is holding.
The middle of the painting shows a horse falling over in pain, having been pierced by a spear or lance. It is essential to bear in mind that the gaping wound in the side of the horse is the primary focus of the artwork.
Two obscured visuals formed by the horse can be found in Guernica: first is human skull is superimposed on the body of the horse. Secondly, it appears that a bull is goring the horse from below. The head of the bull is formed largely by the front leg of the horse, which has its knee on the ground. The knee cap of the horse makes up the bull’s nose, and the bull’s horn jabs at the horse’s breast.
The tail of the bull is formed in the shape of flame and smoke appearing in the window at far left, produced by a lighter shade of grey bordering it.
Underneath the horse lies a dead mutilated soldier, the hand of his severed arm still grasping a broken sword, from which a flower springs up.
In the open palm of the dead soldier is a stigmata, symbolic of the sacrifices of Jesus Christ.
Above the head of the impaled horse is a light bulb which glares outward like an evil eye, it can also be likened to the single bulb hanging in a prison cell. Picasso may have also intended the symbolism of the bulb to be associated with the Spanish word for light bulb which is “bombilla”. This brings to mind the word “bomb”, which could symbolize the detrimental impact which technology can have on humanity.
Towards the upper right of the horse is a fearful female figure that appears to be watching the actions in front of her. She seems to have floated through a window into the room. Her floating arm is holding a flaming lamp and the lamp is very close to the bulb, symbolizing hope – and is in opposition to the light bulb.
Staggering in from the right, below the floating female figure, is a horror-struck woman who looks up vacantly into the glaring light bulb.
The tongues of the grieving woman, the bull, and the horse are shaped like daggers, which suggest screaming.

5. Interactive Depression Lesson
Switch to Smart lesson

6. Approaches to the Depression
Communism (Russia)
Capitalism (USA)
Led by a single strong leader (Stalin)
Five year plans
Agricultural –to- industrial
collectivization
Governmental control of economy
Great purge
Led by a single strong leader (Roosevelt)
New Deal
Alphabet programs
Agriculture – to - industrial
Government control of economy
Keynesian economics

7. Humanitarian responses – Red Cross/Crescent
Henry Dunant-1859
Red cresent – Ottoman Empire 1870’s
Founding and early years of the ICRC ( )
The Red Cross came into being at the initiative of a man named Henry Dunant, who helped wounded soldiers at the battle of Solferino in 1859 and then lobbied political leaders to take more action to protect war victims. His two main ideas were for a treaty that would oblige armies to care of all wounded soldiers and for the creation of national societies that would help the military medical services.
Dunant put down his ideas in a campaigning book, A Souvenir of Solferino, published in The Public Welfare Committee in his home town of Geneva took them up and formed a working group (the embryo ICRC, with Dunant as secretary), which first met in February The following October, an international conference was convened, to formalize the concept of national societies.
The conference also agreed on a standard emblem to identify medical personnel on the battlefield: a red cross on a white background. (The red crescent emblem was adopted by the (Turkish) Ottoman Empire in the 1870s.)
In August 1864, delegates from a dozen countries adopted the first Geneva Convention, which put a legal framework around these decisions and made it compulsory for armies to care for all wounded soldiers, whatever side they were on.
These developments put the ICRC at the origin of both the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement – today grouping the ICRC, the national societies (185 in 2007) and their International Federation – and of modern international humanitarian law: the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their three Additional Protocols of 1977 and 2006.
At the outset, the ICRC's task was to encourage the creation of national societies (the first was in the German state of Württemberg, in November 1863) and to act as a channel for communication between them. Its first field operation was in 1864, during the war between Germany and Denmark: delegates were sent to work on each side of the front line. This heralded the start of the ICRC's operational role as a neutral intermediary between belligerents.
Dunant's ideas found a positive response among leaders and benefactors, welfare groups and the public. In the following years, national societies were established throughout Europe. The Geneva Convention was later adapted to include wounded, sick and shipwrecked in warfare at sea, and governments adopted other laws (such as the Hague Conventions) to protect war victims.
At the same time, the ICRC expanded its own work, undertaking new activities such as visiting prisoners of war and transmitting lists of names, so that their families could be reassured.
By the end of the 19th century, Henry Dunant – whose vision had helped start the whole process – was living in obscurity in a Swiss mountain village; his business failures had forced him to withdraw from Geneva and from an active role in the Red Cross. But in 1901 he became the first recipient, along with the French pacifist, Frédéric Passy, of the Nobel peace prize.
Dunant died in By then, in Europe, North and South America, Asia and Africa, the Red Cross and the Geneva Conventions had taken root. Both were to be put to a severe test during the First World War.

8. Ethnic violence Armenian genocide Holocaust
What precedents in history set the stage for these events?
How did Hitler use the Armenian genocide to justify his policies against Jewish people?
What are the causes of genocide?
Link to Armenian genocide newscast by Peter Jennings about the event and connecting it to Kosovo in the 1990’s
Show the video before discussing the genocide
Draw parallels between Armenians and the Jews
well educated elites
Many were large farm owners or business owners
Religious minority (97% Christian)
Once they were gone, their properties and goods were stolen and re-distributed

9. Genocide by the Turks

10. Did you get it? New scientific paradigms (Freud, Big Bang theory)
New approaches to art (Guernica)
Great Depression
Communist economic approaches
Capitalist economic approaches
Humanitarian responses (red cross)
Ethnic violence