1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12- 1 Future Directions and Emerging Trends Chapter 12

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -2 Foresight’s Crime Prevention Panel ► Individuality and independence ► Information Communication Technology ► Globalization

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -3 Globalization ► Society is experiencing a period of unprecedented global change. ► Globalization has required law-enforcement agencies around the world to communicate with each other.

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -4 Transnational Crime Today’s organized crime groups are involved in:  arms dealing  environmental crime  insurance and financial fraud  trafficking and smuggling of humans  money laundering  bank fraud

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -5 Emerging Crimes ► Trafficking and smuggling of humans ► International trafficking in human organs ► Cyber-crime

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -6 Trafficking and Smuggling Humans Trafficking Humans  Delivery of people; delivery paid for  Trafficked persons repay debts to traffickers  Not always transnational Smuggling Humans  Transportation of individuals to a country  Relationship between smuggler and victim ends once victim is delivered  Always transnational

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -7 International Traffic in Human Organs ► The Current Reality – Supply and Demand ► Organs from Executed Prisoners ► Allegations of Kidnap and Murder for Organs

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -8 The Current Reality Supply and Demand Demand  Supply ► Travel to other countries. ► Don’t ask questions about how organs obtained.

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -9 Organs From Executed Prisoners World Health Organization – against the sale of organs. China allows organs of executed prisoners to be harvested and donated if:  no one claims the body;  the executed prisoner has volunteered; or  the family consents.

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -10 Allegations of Kidnap and Murder for Organs Children are kidnapped for adoption. Children are kidnapped or sold for sex trade. Children are abducted for their organs????

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -11 Cyber-Crime ► Computers as a Tool of Crime  e.g. child pornography, criminal harassment, fraud, theft of intellectual property etc. ► Computers as an Object of Crime  e.g. hacking or unauthorized use of computer systems, defacing websites, the creation and malicious dissemination of computer viruses.

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12 -12 Comparative Criminology The cross-national study of crime. Crime rates are difficult to compare across nations because of:  differences in crime definitions;  diverse crime reporting practices; and  political, social, economic and other influences.