2. Welfare State Equality of opportunity if you can afford it; people look after themselves; individual over the group (associated with Conservatives during this period). Social Security Financial assistance provided to those most in need Where the government takes responsibility for the health and well being of its people. Left Wing Equality of opportunity regardless of wealth; state looks after people; group over the individual (associated with Labour during this period) Right Wing

4. 1941: all women aged 20 and over had to work 1945 80% married women, 90% single in industry/ armed forces 1943: 443,000 worked in armed forces Women got help to juggle working in factories and looking after families; flexible working arrangements/ nurseries BUT: war work stopped in 1945. Work had been broken down into simple tasks because it was assumed women could not cope Women in support roles in armed forces not front lines STILL: some women managed to continue working. Increase in women workers (18% 1947, 10% 1939)

6. What can we see is happening to women’s roles in these sources?

7. How useful is this source to an historian studying the impact of WWII on women’s lives?

8. Schooling disrupted. Poor children not evacuated turned to vandalism and petty crime. Shortage of teachers, much part time schooling. Health improved: fresh air, better diets, balanced diets (rationing) Psychological. emotional suffering: split from families/ lost family members Some evacuees treated badly. Some homesick. Roughly 50% never evacuated. Many died in air raids. Some separated so young they didn’t know their parents when they went home. Scared and shocked by conditions at home.

9. Auntie Vi was beautiful and took great care of us whilst she was there. Aunty and Uncle Chips (as we called Mr & Mrs Chipperfield ) looked after us very well; quite differently from how we were used to. Strict but in a different way from how our parents were strict. The first night we slept well in a huge double bed with a feather mattress – we had a lovely bedroom too. We found it peculiar at first as we had constant attention, which we weren’t used to coming from a big family, but soon settled down. No tantrums allowed there but no clips round the ear either. AB

11. IssueSolutionHow this led to changes in Britain The Blitz had led to substantial damage. Rebuild Britain. Required workers and money. Immigration encouraged. Evacuation had revealed the poverty of working class children in the cities. The Beveridge report make recommendations of universal health care, more social security to address poverty. Required workers and money. The National Health Service introduced by Labour government in 1948. Immigration encouraged. WW2 had led to large numbers of young men dying and shrinking birth rate. Workers would need to be brought into Britain to fill the labour shortages. Immigration encouraged. Some women invited back to work. Post war consumer boom- more industries and products to buy. More workers would be needed.Immigration encouraged.

12. Cartoon first published in the Daily Express in October 1940. Identify what the cartoonist is talking about and whether it is being supportive or critical of the issue in the source. Link to your knowledge: e.g. of the Blitz. What in the source supports your opinion of what the source is about?

13. Link to knowledge Link to cartoonist’s details Supportive or critical? TIP: It is almost always worth working out these details FIRST, annotating your source (briefly) and then writing your answer. It will help you start your answer WITH the answer.

14. ProblemLegislation (laws)Impact RebuildingTown and Country Planning Act and New Towns Act (1947)- clearance of slums, bomb damaged housing, relocation of many of the poorest to new towns. Housing Act 1949 Better homes for many. Improved health. Protection for workers National Insurance Act 1946, benefits for unemployed, injured, sick workers. Better health care for many. Protection for women and children National Health Service Act, 1948 (NHS) Children Act, 1948. Women: high quality maternity care- average life expectancy risen from 45-76. Infant mortality fell from 60,000 deaths of children under five in 1945 to 20,000 by 1975. The Beveridge report was therefore important as it underpinned these acts

15. In 1942, William Beveridge, a civil servant, advised the government to set up a welfare state, including a free national health service, which was to give benefits ‘from the cradle to the grave’ for all. The plans were passed by the post-war Labour government in 1946. Two years later the National Health Service (NHS) began. It was available free to everyone in the nation, and was to cover every aspect of health care.

17. What the NHS provides Hospitals and ambulance service Medicines GPs, surgeries, health clinics, district nurses. Medical aids Medical research Training of doctors and nurses Consultants Dentistry Eye tests Vaccination programmes Surgery Maternity care

18. The effect of the National Health Service on people’s health was dramatic. For the first time ever, everyone had the right to free health care. Before the NHS many could not afford to visit the doctor, let alone buy medicines or have regular treatment. By the end of the 20 th century, however, the NHS was facing one financial crisis after another. Prescription charges, introduced in the 1950s, rose steeply. Charges were introduced for dental treatment and eye tests. Unable to pay for the necessary staff, many beds remained empty while the waiting lists grew longer. Despite the problems, anyone could be treated free when needed, regardless of their ability to pay or whether they had insurance.

19. “I shudder to think of the never-ending stream of medicines which is pouring down British throats at this time”. Aneurin Bevan, speaking at the end of 1948.