1. How Society Became Civilized

2. Paleolithic Age 2,600,000-2,400,000 B.C.C. – 10,000 B.C.E.
nomadic hunters and gatherers
clan groups: 15-20
clan leader
moving with herds of game
low birth rate

3. Who were the first people?
Hunters & Gatherers who lived in nomadic communities.
They learned to adapt to the land so that they could survive without having a permanent abode.
They had no permanent source of food. They relied on instincts and each other to survive.

4. What is ‘Civilization’?
The word “civilization” comes from the Latin word for townsman or citizen, civis.
To be “civilized” meant to be someone who was a citizen and was being governed by the constitution and legal statues of a particular community.

5. The Rise of Civilization
The first known “Civilized Society” was Mesopotamia and was established around 3,500 B.C.E.
It rose up in modern-day Iraq between the Tigris and the Euphrates river.
Mesopotamians were known for their cities, writing systems, arts, animal domestication, and the ability to create complex social structures.

6. Irrigation and Water Managment
There came a time when hunters and gatherers realized that they did not have to move all of the time to survive.
This came when they realized the benefits of managing water supply.
The idea that they could modify the land by making canals to help irrigate crops was one of the first steps to civilization.

7. Steps to becoming Civilized
Once they were able to modify the land to manage water, agriculture occurred.
They were able to grow crops that they wanted as well as domesticate animals.
This gave them a surplus of food.
This is the second step to civilization

8. Animal Domestication:
Animals are selectively bred in captivity
They are modified from their wild ancestors for use by humans who control the animal’s breeding and food supply
Ancient Species of Big Herbivorous Domestic Mammals:
Sheep
Goat
Cow
Pig
Horse
Arabian camel
Bactrian camel
Llama/alpaca
Donkey
Reindeer
Water buffalo
Yak
Bali cattle
Mithan
13 are from Eurasia and 1 (llama/alpaca) from the Americas

9. Plant Domestication:
This involves selecting the best plants to seed for planting. This process would causing plants to change genetically over time from their wild ancestors.
The purpose of this is to make it more digestible and plentiful to humans
In particular, wheat, barley, and peas could be eaten, high yields, easily grown, grow quickly, easily stored, and were self pollinating.

10. Steps to becoming Civilized
Once crops were domesticated and grown and beasts of burden were domesticated, the work had to be divided up.
The division of labor was where tasks were assigned to those with the skills to do them.
This helped to create more surplus of food.

11. Steps to becoming Civilized
The division of labor, the third step of becoming a civilized society, happens when people begin to specialize in different jobs necessary to keep society running smoothly. Many of these jobs involve building infrastructure.

12. Steps to becoming Civilized
Infrastructure is the basic, underlying framework or features of a system or organization.
Most of these projects took years if not decades or centuries to construct.

13. Steps to becoming Civilized
Step four is the development of this type of elaborate infrastructure.

14. Steps to becoming Civilized
The fifth and final step encompasses a combination of many different events.
Primarily, a large population of people living together requires a system of rules and laws
Government is the result of this need
Also, by creating a system of writing rules and regulations could be recorded and passed down to subsequent generations.
Hammurabi’s Code is one of the first known forms of written rules, now known as laws.

15. Steps to becoming Civilized
The creation of a writing system helped paved the way for more organized forms of government and religion.
This helps to set up different systems for social, political, and cultural groups within a community.

16. Steps to becoming Civilized
The five steps to becoming a civilized society are as followed:
1) Modifications (especially irrigation)
2) Domestication (Agriculture that leads to a surplus of food)
3) Division of Labor
4) Infrastructure (cities)
5) Government

17. Vocabulary Agriculture- Irrigation Systems Domestication
the production of crops, livestock, or poultry
Using the creation of artificial waterways to bring water to the land for the purpose of agriculture
to convert (animals, plants, etc.) to domestic uses; tame.

18. Vocabulary
an advanced state of human society, that includes control over a water source, agriculture, division of labor, infrastructure, government, a system of writing, science, and art.
an agricultural region extending from the Levant to Iraq with very rich soil caused by the period flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
composed of slim triangular or wedge-shaped elements, as the characters used in writing by the ancient Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and others.
Civilization-
Fertile Crescent-
Cuneiform-

19. Vocabulary
designating or pertaining to a pictographic script, particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented.
Social distinctions based on division of labor
When you have more than what you need at the moment; having extra for later use
Hieroglyphics-
Social Hierarchy-
Surplus-